ADDRESS: 303 North Linn, Fayette, MO  65248
TELEPHONES: (660) 248-9891;  Cell (228) 342-6030
 E-MAIL:  woodward@datasync.com

EDUCATION: A.B., cum laude, 1955, Central Methodist University , Fayette, Missouri.
                        M.A., 1959, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
                        Ph.D., 1962, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana

MILITARY SERVICE U.S. Marine Corps, 1955-1958: Artillery and Public Information Officer.

ACADEMIC EMPLOYMENT:
 2007 - Joe & Teresa Long Professor of Social Science, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, Texas
 1999-2003  Neville G. Penrose Professor of Latin American Studies, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
      2001-02 Coordinator, Latin American Studies Program, Texas Christian University
 1999-      Professor Emeritus, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
 1970-99 Professor of History, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
     1991-92 Graduate Coordinator, Department of History.
     1989- Visiting Professor, Dept. of Social Sciences, U. S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y.
     1986-88 Chairperson, University Department of History.
     1975-76 Professor-in-Charge, Tulane-Newcomb Junior Year Abroad, Paris.
     1975-78 Director, Tulane Summer Sessions in Central America.
     1973-75 Head, College of Arts & Sciences Department of History.
1967-1970 Associate Professor of History, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
1963-1967 Assistant Professor of History, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
1962-1963 Assistant Professor of History, University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette.
1961-1962 Assistant Professor of History, Wichita University, Wichita, Kansas.
1960-1961 Part-Time Instructor of English, Instituto Guatemalteco Americano, Guatemala.
1958-1960 Part-time Instructor, Department of History, Tulane University.

FELLOWSHIPS AND GRANTS:
2000  Fulbright Senior Research Fellowship, Spain.
1997 American Philosophical Society grant for research in Spain; Andrew Mellon Foundation grant for research in Spain.
1994 Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities grant to direct Summer Institute for Teachers on the Comparative History of
    the Americas.
1991 Murphy Institute for Political Economy grant, Guatemala.
1990 Fulbright Advanced Research Fellowship, Guatemala.
1987-88 Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities grant to direct Summer Institute for High School Teachers on Latin
    American History and Civilization.
1986 National Endowment for the Humanities grant to direct a Summer Seminar for College Teachers on Modern
    Central America.
1984 Tulane University Senate Committee on Research grant for summer research in Nicaragua.
1983 Andrew Mellon Summer grant for research in Guatemala.
1982 Tulane University Senate Committee on Research grant for summer research in Nicaragua.
1981 Tulane University Senate Committee on Research grant for summer research in Guatemala.
1981 Tinker Foundation/Mesoamerican Ecology Institute grant for research in Mexico.
1979 American Philosophical Society Grant, Penrose Fund, and Tulane University Senate Committee on Research Grant for
    summer research in Belize and Guatemala.
1972 Tulane University Senate Committee on Research grant for summer research in Guatemala.
1968 Fulbright-Hays Lectureship to Argentina, lecturing at the Universidad Nacional and Universidad del Salvador, Buenos
    Aires.
1967 University of North Carolina Research Council grant for summer research in Spain.
1965-1966 Fulbright-Hays Lectureship to Chile, lecturing at the Universidad de Chile and the Universidad Católica de
    Valparaíso.
1964 University of North Carolina Research Council grant for summer research in Mexico.
1960-1961 Henry L. and Grace Doherty Foundation Fellowship, Guatemala.

AWARDS AND HONORS

2003  "Central American History at Tulane," A Conference in Honor of Ralph Lee Woodward, Jr.'s Career, Tulane University, New Orleans, 25-27 September.
2002  Distinguished Service Award, Conference on Latin American History (American Historical Association)
2002  6th Congress of Central American History honors Ralph Lee Woodward for his contributions to Central American historical research and teaching, in a special ceremony at the Museo del Canal Interoceanico, Panama, July 24.
2001  Southern Historical Association session on "Ralph Lee Woodward as Teacher and Scholar:  An Ongoing Adventure (New Orleans, 17 November)
1997 Waldo G. Leland Award (American Historical Association) awarded to Encylopedia of Latin American History  and Culture (1996), as "best reference work in the past five years." (Woodward was Associate Editor of this work. The General Editor, Barbara A. Tenenbaum, also received a Special Distinguished Service Award for this work from the Conference on Latin American History).
1996 Louisiana Humanist of the Year Award, Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities.
1995 Alfred B. Thomas Award, by Southeastern Council on Latin American Studies for best book in Latin American
    Studies published in 1993 & 1994, for Rafael Carrera and the Emergence of the Republic of Guatemala, 1821-
    1872.
1994 and 1995 Selected for Who's Who Among America's Teachers .
1993 Faculty of Liberal Arts & Sciences Research Award, Tulane University.
1989 Commander's Award for Public Service, U.S. Military Academy, West Point, for excellence in teaching.
1979 Elected to Academia de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala.
1978 Distinguished Alumni Award, Central Methodist College.
1967 Honorable Mention, Herbert Eugene Bolton Prize, Conference on Latin American History, for Class Privilege and
    Economic Development (UNC Press, 1966).
1966 Honorable Mention, William S. Robertson Prize, Conference on Latin American History, for "Economic and Social
    Origins of the Guatemalan Political Parties (1773-1823)," HAHR 45 (1965).
1955 Elliott Watson Award in Economics, Central Methodist College.

BIOGRAPHICAL LISTINGS: Contemporary Authors; Dictionary of International Biography; Directory of American Scholars; Directory of Caribbean Scholars; National Directory of Latin Americanists; Who's Who Among  America's Teachers; Who's Who in America; Who's Who in the South and Southwest; Who's Who Worldwide; Writer's Directory .

LANGUAGES Speak, read, and write: English, Spanish and French.
                        Read only: Catalan, Italian, Portuguese, and Latin.

ADMINISTRATIVE, PROFESSIONAL, AND CIVIC SERVICE

2005h, 2008a.  A Short History of Guatemala. Antigua Guatemala: Editorial Laura Lee. 199p.

2002a  Rafael Carrera y la emergencia de la República de Guatemala, 1821-1871, edited and translated by Lic. Jorge Skinner-Klée, including comment not included in English edition. La Antigua Guatemala: CIRMA. xx+717 pp..

2001a  Editor, Here and There in Mexico:  The Travel Writings of Mary Ashley Townsend . Tuscaloosa:  The University of Alabama Press.  xv+332 pp.

1999a Central America, A Nation Divided , 3rd edition. New York & London: Oxford University Press.  436 pp.

1996a Associate Editor, Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture , 5 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (with Barbara Tenebaum, General Editor: Georgette Dorn, Mary Karash, and John Jay TePaske, Associate Editors) (Received 1997 Waldo G. Leland Award of the American Historical Association as "best reference work in past five years").

1994a Compiler, Nicaragua, revised and expanded edition. (World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 44). Oxford: Clio Press. xxiv+297pp.

1993a Rafael Carrera and the Emergence of the Republic of Guatemala, 1821-1871. Athens: University of Georgia Press. xvii+630pp. (Received 1995 Alfred B. Thomas Prize of Southeastern Council on Latin American Studies as "best book in Latin American Studies by a member of SECOLAS in past two years").

1992a Compiler, Guatemala, revised edition. (World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 9). Oxford: Clio Press, xxix+270pp.

1988a Compiler, El Salvador. (World Bibliographical Series). Oxford: Clio Press, xxix+240pp.

1988b Editor, Central America: The Contemporary Crises in Historical Perspective. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 310p.

1985a Editor, "Central America," Research Guide to Central America and the Caribbean. General Editor, Kenneth J. Grieb, pp. 9-193. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

1985b Central America, A Nation Divided, 2nd ed., New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press. 390pp..

1983a Compiler, Nicaragua (World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 44). Oxford: Clio Press. 260pp.

1981a Privilegio de clase y desarrollo económico, Guatemala: 1793 a 1871. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Universitaria Centroamericana. 296pp. (With documentary appendices not included in English edition.)

1980a Compiler, Belize (World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 21). Oxford: Clio Press. 253pp.

1979a Editor and translator, Tribute to Don Bernardo de Gálvez: Royal Patents and an Epic Ballad Honoring the Governor of Spanish Louisiana . Baton Rouge and New Orleans: Historic New Orleans Collection. 76pp.

1976 Central America, A Nation Divided. New York: Oxford University Press, 344pp.

1971a Editor, Positivism in Latin America, 1850-1900: Are Order and Progress Reconcilable? Lexington, Massachusetts: D. C. Heath & Co., 148pp.

1969a Robinson Crusoe's Island, A History of the Juan Fernandez Islands . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 296pp. (Reprinted by Books on Demand, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1981).

1966a Class Privilege and Economic Development: The Consulado de Comercio of Guatemala, 1793-1871 (The James Sprunt Studies in History & Political Science, Vol. 48). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 173pp. (Reprinted by Books on Demand, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1981.) (Named runner-up for 1967 Herbert E. Bolton Prize of Conference on Latin American History, awarded annually for best book in English on Latin American History).

1965a Latin American History. Chapel Hill: Bureau of Correspondence Instruction, University Extension Division, University of North Carolina. 2 vols.

Forthcoming (With Lowell Gudmundson) "Historical Setting," in Costa Rica: A Country Guide, edited by Rex A. Hudson. Washington: Library of Congress.

2001c "A América Central da Independência a 1870," in Da Independência até 1870, Vol. 3, pp. 413-504, of Histórica da América Latina, edited by Leslie Bethell (São Paulo:  Editora da Universidade de São Paulo).

2001d "The Political Economy of the Caribbean," in The South and the Caribbean: Essays and Commentaries, edited by Douglass Sullivan-González and Charles Wilson. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, pp. 127-49.

2001e "Elites nacionales, el estado, y la empresa extranjera en Centroamérica (siglo XIX)," in Ausländische Unternehmen und einheimische Eliten in Lateinamerika: Historische Enfahrungen und aktuelle Tendenzen, edited by Thomas Fischer (Lateinamerika-Studien, Band 44). Frankfurt am Main: Vervuert Verlag, pp. 31-48.

2000a  "Severo Martínez Peláez," La Patria del Criollo, tres décadas después, edited by Oscar Guillermo Peláez Almengor.  Guatemala: Editorial Universitaria, pp. 329-36.

1996b "The Liberal-Conservative Debate in the Central American Federation, 1823-1840," in Liberals, Politics, and Power: State Formation in Nineteenth-Century Latin America, edited by Vincent C. Peloso and Barbara A. Tenenbaum. Athens: University of Georgia Press, pp. 59-89.

1996c "El debate liberal-conservador en la federación centroamericana, 1823-1840," in Memoria del Segundo Encuentro Nacional de Historiadores el 4 al 6 de diciembre de 1995. Guatemala: Universidad del Valle, pp. 385-421.

1995 "Cambios en el Estado Guatemala en siglo XIX," in Identidades nacionales y Estado moderno en Centroamérica, edited by Arturo Taracena Arriola and Jean Piel, pp. 117-34. San José: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.

1994b "El Consulado de Comercio, 1793-1821," in Historia general de Guatemala, edited by Jorge Luján Muñoz, vol. 3, Siglo XVIII hasta la independencia, edited by Cristina Zilbermann de Luján, pp. 313-322. Guatemala: Fundación para la Cultura y el Desarrollo.

1994c "El Consulado de Comercio, 1821-1871," in Historia general de Guatemala, vol. 4., edited by Jorge Luján Muñoz, pp. 573-84. Guatemala: Fundación para la Cultura y el Desarrollo.

1994d "El régimen conservador y la fundación de la República de Guatemala," in Historia general de Guatemala, vol. 4, pp. 97-122. Guatemala: Fundación para la Cultura y el Desarrollo.

1993b (with Stephen A. Webre) "History: Central America," Handbook of Latin American Studies, vol. 52 (Austin: University of Texas Press), pp. 184-205.

1993c "El General Francisco Morazán, los Estados Unidos, y la integración centroamericana," in Congreso Morazánico, 7-9 de octubre de 1992. Tegucigalpa: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 20

1992d "Rafael Carrera and the Indian in Guatemala, 1837-1873," Ethnicity and Power in Mexico and Guatemala.  Austin: C. B. Smith, Sr., Chair in U.S.-Mexico Relations and the Mexican Center of the Institute of Latin American Studies, University of Texas, pp. 1-24.

1991a "The Aftermath of Independence, 1821-c.1870," in Central America since Independence, edited by Leslie Bethell, pp. 1-36. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

1991b "Las repúblicas centroamericanas," vol. 6, Historia de América Latina, 16 vols. Barcelona: Editorial Crítica.

1990a "Changes in the Nineteenth-Century Guatemalan State and its Indian Policies," Guatemalan Indians and the State, 1540 to 1988, edited by Carol A. Smith, pp. 52-71. Austin: University of Texas Press.

1990b (with Stephen A. Webre) "History: Central America," Handbook of Latin American Studies, vol. 50, pp. 52-71. Austin: University of Texas Press.

1988c "Revolt Against the West: The Nicaraguan Revolution and Related Movements," in The Foreign and Domestic Dimensions of Modern Warfare: Vietnam, Central America, and Nuclear Strategy, edited by Howard Jones, pp. 111-123. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

1987a "The Rise (and Fall) of Liberalism in El Salvador and Nicaragua," in Authoritarian Regimes in Transition, edited by Hans Binnendijk, pp. 113-124. Washington: Center for the Study of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Service Institute, U. S. Department of State.

1987b "Economic Development and Dependency in Nineteenth-Century Guatemala," in Crises in the Caribbean Basin, edited by Richard Tardanico, vol. 9, Political Economy of the World System Annuals, edited by Immanuel Wallerstein, pp. 59-78. Los Angeles: Sage.

1987c "Central America," in Spanish America after Independence, c.1820--c.1870 , edited by Leslie Bethell, pp. 171-206. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

1985c "The Economy of Central America at the Close of the Colonial Period," in Estudios del Reino de Guatemala, edited by Duncan T. Kinkead, pp. 117-134. Sevilla: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americano and Duke University.

1985d "The Biblioteca Nacional and Hemeroteca Nacional de Guatemala," in Research Guide to Central America and the Caribbean, edited by Kenneth J. Grieb, pp. 110-111. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

1985e (with Theresa Armstead-Fairweather) "Belize," in Research Guide to Central America and the Caribbean, edited by Kenneth J. Grieb, pp. 119-120.

1985f (with Italo López Vallecillos and Thomas Schoonover) "El Salvador," Research Guide to Central America and the Caribbean, edited by Kenneth J. Grieb, pp. 127-130. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

1985g "The Latin American Library of Tulane University," in Research Guide to Central America and the Caribbean, edited by Kenneth J. Grieb, pp. 150-151. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

1985h "The Department of Archives and Manuscripts of Louisiana State University," in Research Guide to Central America and the Caribbean, edited by Kenneth J. Grieb, p. 151. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

1985i (with Paul McDowell) "Microfilm of the Archivo General de Centro-América at McMaster University, in Research Guide to Central America and the Caribbean , edited by Kenneth J. Grieb, p. 160. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

1985j "Central America from Independence to c.1870," The Cambridge History of Latin America, edited by Leslie Bethell, vol. 3, pp. 471-506, 874-879.

1981b "The Twilight of Liberalism in Central America: The Present Crises in Historical Perspective," 1981 Proceedings of the Rocky Mountain Council on Latin American Studies Conference, pp. 37-42. Lincoln, Nebraska: Office of International Business Programs, University of Nebraska.

1972 "Social Revolution in Guatemala: The Carrera Revolt," in Applied Enlightenment: 19th Century Liberalism (Middle American Research Institute Publication No. 23), edited by Robert Wauchope and Margaret Harrison, pp. 45-72. New Orleans: Tulane University.

2007d  "Ralph L. Woodward: Missouri Methodist Leader," Toward the Setting Sun: The Historical Journal of the Missouri Conference, The United Methodist Church, Second Series, 6(1) (Fall 2007): 1-52.

2007c “Carrera, José Rafael,”AFEHC (Asociación para el Fomento de los Estudios Históricos en Centroamérica), Boletín Nº 32, Ficha 1676.                    http://afehc-historia-centroamericana.org/index.php?action=fi_aff&id=1676 .

2007a  "Merchant Guilds (Consulados de Comercio) in the Spanish World," History Compass 5(5) (August 2007): 1576-84, 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00463.x.

2005g “Comentario sobre el Historical Atlas of Central America, de Héctor Pérez Brignoli y Carolyn Hall,” Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos 28(1-2) (2002 [Jan. 2005]): 195-97.

2003a "Spanish Commercial Policy in Louisiana, 1763-1803,"  Louisiana History 44:133-64.

2001b  "Las elites nacionales, el Estado y la empresa extranjera en la Centro América del siglo XIX,"Yakin (Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia)
20:97-110.

1999b  "The Consulado de Comercio and Defense of Maritime Commerce in the Spanish World, 1250-1829," Derroteros de la Mar del Sur [Lima, Peru] 7:149-66.

1999c "The New Consulados de Comercio in Spanish America, 1778-1829," Southeastern Council on Latin American Studies Annals 31:5-24.

1992b "Unity and Diversity in Central American History," Latin American Research Review 27(3):254-266 (Review article).

1987d "The Historiography of Modern Central America since 1960," Hispanic American Historical Review 67:461-496.

1987e "La historiografía centroamericana moderna desde 1960," Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos 13(July):43-65.

1986a "Conservatism, Liberalism, and Marxism in Central America: The 1985 Merrill E. Gaddis Memorial Lecture," Athenaeum Society Review 3(1):5-21.

1985k (with Laura Woodward) "Trudi Blom and the Lancandón Rain Forest," Environmental Review 9:226-236.

1985l "Central America: A Socioeconomic Overview," Air Force Journal of Logistics 9(2):14-16.

1984c "The Rise and Decline of Liberalism in Central America: Historical Perspectives on the Contemporary Crisis," Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs 26:291-312.

1984d "El proyecto de investigaciones sobre la evolución histórica del sector pública en Centroamérica y Panamá," Mesoamérica 5(7):180-184.

1984e "Roots of Revolution: Socioeconomic Perspectives on Nicaraguan History," Athenaeum Society Review 1(Fall):7-20.

1983b "La política centroamericana de Rafael Carrera, 1840-1865," Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos 9:55-68.

1983c "Population and Development in Guatemala, 1840-1870," Annals of the Southeastern Council on Latin American Studies 14:5-18.

1982a "Liberalismo, conservadurismo, y la respuesta de los campesinos de la montaña al gobierno de Guatemala, 1821-1850," Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala 56:195-210.

1981c "Where to Study Central America: A Geography of Historical Materials," Caribbean Review 10(Winter):47-49.

1981d "Trouble in Uncle Sam's Back Yard," The Geographical Magazine 55:838-843.

1981e "El pensamiento científico y el desarrollo económico centroamericano, 1860-1920," Revista del Pensamiento Centroamericano 36 (Julio-Diciembre):73-86.

1980b "Crecimiento de población en Centro América durante la mitad del siglo de la independencia nacional: investigación reciente y estimados hasta la fecha," Mesoamérica 1:219-231.

1980c "William Walker and the History of Nicaragua in the Nineteenth Century," Latin American Research Review 15(1): 237-240.

1980d "Los comerciantes y el desarrollo económico de las Américas, 1750-1850," Revista del Pensamiento Centroamérica 35:17-30.

1979b "Las impresiones de un general de las fuerzas Confederadas sobre Centroamérica en los años finales del siglo XIX," Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos 4:39-66.

1979c "Liberalism, Conservatism and the Response of the Peasants of the Montaña to the Government of Guatemala, 1821-1850," Plantation Society in the Americas 1:109-129.

1979d "The Place of the Small Nations of the Caribbean Basin in the Latin American History Survey," Proceedings of the Pacific Coast Council on Latin American Studies 6(1977-79):185-190.

1979e "Dr. Pedro Joaquín Chamorro (1924-1978), the Conservative Party, and the Struggle for Democratic Government in Nicaragua," Annals of the Southeastern Conference on Latin American Studies 10:38-46.

1978a "El papel histórico del Dr. Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal (1924-1978)," Tiempo Actual (Costa Rica) 2 (Mayo):29-34.

1978b (with Stephen A. Webre), "Ph.D. Dissertations on Social Change and Development in Central America (1960-1974): An Addendum to the Snarr-Brown List," Latin American Research Review 13:261-263.

1975a "Impresiones norteamericanas de Centro América en los siglos XIX-XX: una selección," Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos 2:375-391.

1975b "Bibliografía centroamericana: estudios recientes en inglés," Revista del Pensamiento Centroamericano 30 (Abril-Junio):135-136.

1974 "Los orígenes económicos y sociales de los partidos políticos guatemaltecos, 1773-1823," Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos 1:61-85.

1973 "The Greytown Passion Play, 1898," Caribbean Quarterly 19 (March):76-79.

1971b "Undergraduates and Latin American Studies: Latin American History Since Independence," Annals of the Southeastern Conference on Latin American Studies 2:5-11.

1968b "The Merchants and Economic Development in the Americas, 1750-1850: A Preliminary Study," Journal of Inter-American Studies 10:134-153.

1967 "Robinson Crusoe's Island," Southeastern Latin Americanist 11(June):1-3.

1966b "Mercantile Justice in Guatemala (1793-1871): El Tribunal del Consulado," Inter-American Law Review 8:293-313. "La justicia mercantil en Guatemala (1793-1871)," Revista Jurídica Interamericana8:317-336; reprinted with minor revisions in Boletín del Colegio de Abogados de Guatemala 21 (Enero-Abril 1967):1-3.

1966c "Las contribuciones principales de los norteamericanos a la teoría científica (1850-1950)," Anales de Universidad de Chile, Memorias Científicas y Literarias 124(Abril-Junio):78-93.

1965b "Economic and Social Origins of the Guatemalan Political Parties (1773-1823)," Hispanic American Historical Review 45:544-566.

1965c "The Guatemalan Merchants and National Defense: 1810," Hispanic American Historical Review 45:452-462.

1964 "Guatemalan Cotton and the American Civil War," Inter-American Economic Affairs 18(Winter):87-94.

1963 "Urban Labor and Communism: Cuba," Caribbean Studies 2:363-374.

1962b "Octubre: Communist Appeal to the Urban Labor Force of Guatemala, 1950-1953," Journal of Inter-American Studies 4:363-374.

2008b  Reflections on Central American History (The Joe and Teresa Long Lectures in Social Science), Stephenville, Texas: Tarleton State University.

1987c "Central America: Historical Perspectives on Revolution and Reaction,"The Lawrence F. Brewster Lecture in History. Greenville, North Carolina: East Carolina University. 24pp.

1984a (with Enrique Baloyra, Michael D. Barnes, Ralph E. Becker, Alejandro Orfila, and Joseph L. Arbena) El Salvador: Roots of the Current Crisis: Proceedings of a Roundtable Discussion, February 13, 1984. Clemson, South Carolina: The Strom Thurmond Institute, Clemson University. 20pp.

1984b "El Salvador: Roots of the Conflict," Working Paper Series . Clemson, South Carolina: The Strom Thurmond Institute, Clemson University. 20pp.

1968a "El darwinismo social en los Estados Unidos," Situaciones conflictivas en la historia y literatura argentina y/o americana entre 1880 y 1910 (No. 9, Terceras Jornadas de Investigación de la Historia y Literatura Rioplatense y de los Estados Unidos). Mendoza, Argentina: Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. 16pp.

1962a "Political Economy" in Guatemala (University Studies No. 52). Wichita, Kansas: University of Wichita. 15pp.

Forthcoming, "El Salvador" and "Guatemala," The Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, 2nd ed. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

2007b  "Francisco Vázquez de Coronado" and "Juan Vázquez de Coronado," The Oxford Companion to Exploration, edited by David Buisseret.  New York:  Oxford University Press (500 words each)

2005i  "Barcelona," "Cádiz," "Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de," "Cuba," "Hanseatic League," "Mill, John Stuart," "Marseilles," and "Veracruz," in History of World Trade since 1450, edited by John J. McCusker.  Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan Reference.

2005d  "Antonio Saca," 2005 Britannica Book of the Year.  Chicago:  Encyclopedia Britannica.

2005e  "Merchant Guilds," in Encyclopedia of World Trade from Ancient Times to the Present, 4 vols., edited by Cynthia Clark Northrup. New York:  M.E.Sharpe., 3:631-38.

2003b  "Coffee," "Auguste Comte," "Cuba," "Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)," "Good Neighbor Policy," "Latin America," "Mercantilism," "North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)," "Panama Canal," "Rum," Carlos Salinas de Gotari," "Sugar," and Wilson-Gorman Tariff," in  Encyclopedia of Tariffs and Trade in U. S. History, 3 vols., edited by Cynthia Clark Northrup and Elaine C. Prange Turney.  Westport, Connecticut:  Greenwood Press.

2003c "Petrona García Morales de Carrera," in Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A Biographical Dictionary of Military Women, 2 vols. edited by Reina Pennington. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. (500 words).

2000-2008  "El Salvador," 2003 Britannica Book of the Year and Encyclopaedia Britannica 2002 Year in Review. Chicago:  Encyclopaedia Britannica.

2000-2008  "Guatemala," 2003 Britannica Book of the Year and Encyclopaedia Britannica 2002 Year in Review. Chicago:  Encyclopaedia Britannica.

1997 "El Salvador," "Guatemala," and "United Provinces of Central America," in Microsoft Encarta Multimedia Encyclopedia. Redmond, Washington: Microfsoft Corporation. (CD-ROM). (about 16,000 words)

1996d 92 entries in the Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. (Alexander, Edward P.; Ambrogi, Arturo; Arada, Battle of; Arce, Manuel José; Archila, Andrés; Aristide, Jean Bertrand; Aury, Louis; Avila, Julio Enrique; Banana industry; Barrios, Justo Rufino; Barrundia, José Francisco; Barrundia, Juan; Brañas Guerra, César; Brion, Luis; Brown, William or Guillermo; Callejas Romero, Rafael Leonardo; Campos, Rafael; Cañas, José María; Cañas, José Simeón; Carías Andino, Tiburcio; Carrera, Rafael; Casáus y Torres, Ramón; Central America; Ciudad Trujillo; Coatepeque, Battle of; Constitution of 1824 (C.A.); Consulado; Creole; Cruz, Serapio; Cruz, Vicente; Dalton García, Roque; Dance of the Millions; El Salvador since 1821; Esquilaches; Estrada, José María; Estrada, Juan José; Euceda, Maximiliano; Fernández de Córdoba, Francisco; Fernández, Juan; Ferrera, Francisco; Finca; Gálvez, Juan Manuel; Gálvez, Bernardo de; Garay, Carlos; García Peláez, Francisco de Paula; Gavidia, Francisco Antonio; Gómez, Benigno; Gómez, José Miguel (Honduras); Grito de Yara; Guadalupe, Convenio de; Guatemala since 1821; Hernández de Córdoba, Franciso; Irisarri y Larraín, Juan Bautista; Jefe Político; Juan Fernández Islands; López Vallecillo, Italo; Malespín, Francisco; Milla y Vidaurre, José; Montes de Oca, Confucio; Muñoz, José Trinidad; Nat. Guatemalan Revolutionary Unity(URNG); National War (1855-57); National Party (Honduras); Nicarao; Nufio, José Dolores; Paredes, Mariano; Pavón Aycinena, Manuel Francisco; Perera, Victor; Pérez Jiménez, Marcos; Piracy; ,Popenoe, Frederick Wilson; Porras, José Basilio; Portillo, Efraín; Providencia; Rinconcito, Treaty of; Rivera Paz, Mariano; Rivera Cabezas, Antonio; Robles, Marco Antonio; Salazar Arrué, Salvador E. (Salarrue); San Andrés Island; Sandoval, José León; Serrano Elías, Jorge; Skinner, George Ure; Suazo Córdoba, Roberto; Ten Years' War; Torres, Toribio; Valle, Rafael Heliodoro; Velásquez, José Antonio; Vesco, Robert Lee; Viteri y Ungo, Jorge; Zelaya Sierra, Pablo; and Zúniga Figueroa, Carlos.) 33,000 words.

1994g "Branch #60," Stafford Data, Vol. 24 (May):17-20, edited by Ruby Simonson McNeill (Napavine, Washington).

1994e "Jorge Serrano," Encyclopedia of World Biography. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 320-22.

1994f "Roberto Callejas," Encyclopedia of World Biography. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 62- 64.

1992-96 (with Kempton E. Webb) "Central America," Microsoft Encarta Multimedia Encyclopedia. Redmond, Washington: Microfsoft Corporation. (CD-ROM, 3,600 words).

1992-96 "Costa Rica," "Honduras," and "Latin America," Microsoft Encarta Multimedia Encyclopedia. Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Corporation. (CD-ROM, 6,300 words).

1992c "Harbingers of Change," Tulanian 63(2):43-46.

1991c "Central America: History," Encyclopedia Britannica 15:679-683. Chicago: Macmillan.

1990c "Letter from Guatemala," Tulanian 91(3)26-32.

1989 "Oscar Arias Sánchez," in Foreign Visitors to Congress: Speeches and History, edited by Mary Lee Kerr. Washington: United States Historical Society.

1988d "John Rose Ficklin," Dictionary of Louisiana Biography, 2 vols, 1:300-301. New Orleans: Louisiana Historical Association.

1987e "Tiburcio Carías Andino," Encyclopedia of World Biography 13:256-257. New York: McGraw-Hill.

1987f "Roberto Suazo Córdova," Encyclopedia of World Biography 13:378-379. New York: McGraw-Hill.

1987g "Samuel Zemurray," Encyclopedia of World Biography 15:586-587. New York: McGraw-Hill.

1986 "Revolt Against the West: The Nicaraguan Revolution," The Tulanian 57(2):14-23. [This is a condensation of 1988c, above.]

1984f "Foreword," Thomas M. Leonard, The United States and Central America 1944-1949, Perceptions of Political Dynamics, pp. ix-x. University, Alabama: University of Alabama Press.

1983d "A Letter from Central America," Tulanian 54(4):4-5.

1983e "Central America," Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia 5:422-431. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

1983f "Costa Rica," Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia 7:245-251. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

1983g "Honduras," Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia 13:172-177. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

1983h "Latin America," Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia 15:416-421. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

1983i "Foreword," Dana Gardner Munro, A Student in Central America, 1914-1916 (Middle American Institute Publication No. 51), p. ix. New Orleans: Tulane University.

1983j "What Went Wrong in Central America?" The 1983 World Book Year Book, pp. 74-89. Chicago: World Book, Inc..

1982b "Recent Events in Central America," Caribbean Studies Newsletter 9(1):3.

1981f "Central America: People and Economy," and "Central America: History," Collier's Encyclopedia 5:643-648. New York: Macmillan Educational Company.

1981g "Prólogo," Política y reforma en Costa Rica, 1914-1958 , by Jorge Mario Salazar Mora, pp. 9-11. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Porvenir.

1977   "The 1977 Panama Canal Treaties," Latin and American Student Association Monthly Newsletter 2(1) (17 October):2-3.

1963-1987 Several hundred abstracts of periodical articles in Historical Abstracts.

1961-present More than a hundred reviews of books in scholarly journals, in the American Historical Review, Hispanic American Historical Review, Southeastern Latin Americanist,  The Americas, International Journal of Maritime History, Latin American Research Review, and other journals.

A History of Merchant Guilds (Consulados de Comercio) in the Spanish World.