HM97 - Hoskin, Michael, The Cambridge Illustrated History of Astronomy,, Cambridge University Press, (1997), page 333. (Part 5)

HPA - History of Leander McCormick Observatory - Hall of Precision Astrometry - Measuring Engines and Blink Comparators - Gaertner Single Screw Measuring Engine, (1916)
http://www.astro.virginia.edu/~afs5z/gaertner1.html (Part 4)

IPRV - Ivanchik, A., Petitjean, P., Rodriguez, E., and Varshalovich, D.,
Does the proton-to-electron mass ratio mu = Mp/Me vary in the course of cosmological evolution? - arXiv:astro-ph/0210299 v1, 14 Oct (2002) - http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/astro-ph/pdf/0210/0210299.pdf" (Part 6)
[Added 07 Aug 2003.]

IU - "Island Universes"/ Galaxies: Conflict and Resolution
http://physics.syr.edu/courses/AST104.99Spring/Island.htm (Parts 4, 5)

KA00 - King, Ivan R., and Anderson, Jay, Internal Motions in Globular Clusters, Dynamics of Star Clusters and the Milky Way ASP Conference Series, Vol. 000, (2000), Deiters, Fuchs, Spurzem and Wielen, eds. http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/astro-ph/pdf/0007/0007028.pdf (Part 4)

KW03 - Keel, William, Alternate Approaches and the Redshift Controversy - http://astr.ua.edu/keel/galaxies/arp/html (Part 6) - [Added 28 Oct 2003]

LB27 -Lindblad, Bertil, On the Nature of the Spiral Nebulae, MNRAS, 87, 420-426 (1927). - NADS (Part 1)

LJ99 - Lucey, John, Distance to the Hyades via Moving-Cluster Parallax -
http://www.dur.ac.uk/john.lucey/astrolab/hyades_cp.html (Part 3, Table 3)

LK26 - Lundmark K, Internal Motions of Messier 33, Ap.J., 63, 67 (1926). - NADS
(Part 5) [Added 05 October 2003.]

MA21 - Maanen, Adriaan van - "Investigations on Proper Motion - Fifth Paper: The Internal Motion in the Spiral Nebula Messier 81" Ap.J., 54, 347-356 (1921). NADS (Parts 3, 4)

MA23 - Maanen, Adriaan van - "Investigations on Proper Motion - Tenth Paper: Internal Motion in the Spiral Nebula Messier 33, N.G.C. 598" - Ap.J., 57, 264 (1923). - NADS (Part 3) [Added 7 July 2005.]

MA27 - Maanen, Adriaan van, - Investigations on Proper Motion - Twelfth Paper: The Proper Motions and Internal Motions of Messier 2, 13, and 56. Ap.J., 66, 89-112 (1927). - NADS (Parts 3, 4)

MA30 - Maanen, Adriaan van, - Investigations on Proper Motion - Sixteenth Paper: The Proper Motion of Messier 51, MGC 5194. Contributions from the Mount Wilson Solar Observatory, 408, 311-314 (1930).

MA35 - Maanen, Adriaan van, ApJ, 81, 336-337 (1935). NADS (Part 5)

MD&SP - Méndez, Bryan and Seitzer, Patrick, Precision CCD Astrometry,
http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/bmendez/html/figures.html (Part 5)

MS1 - McGaugh, Stacy, The MOND pages
http://www.astro.umd.edu/~ssm/mond/mondvsDM.html (Part 2)

MS2 - McGaugh, Stacy - Dwarf and Low Surface Brightness Galaxies
http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9507058 (Part 2)

MW02 - Mathis, H. and White, S.D.M., "Numerical simulations of Peebles's Isocurvature Cold Dark Matter model
http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/~virgo/virgo/hmathis/ICDM (Part 2) [Added 11 March 2004.]

ND80 - Narlikar, J.V., and Das, P.K., Anomalous Redshifts of Quasi-Stellar Objects, ApJ 240, 401-414 (1980). - NADS (Part 6)

NF03 - Nicastro, Fabrizio, et al - Missing Mass Exists as Warm Intergalactic Fog, (2003)
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/darkmatter-03c.html (Part 1) - [Added 16 Aug 2003]

NN02 - Noriaki Namba - Stellar Movement in the Galaxy Explained by Intertial Induction, (2002) Physics Essays 15, 156-161. (Part 2) [Added 20 April 2004.]

NNR02 - NASA News Release - Chandra casts cloud on alternative to dark matter, (2002)
http://www1.msfc.nasa.gov/NEWSROOM/news/releases/2002/02-264.html (Part 2)

NRV - Nieuwehhove, Rudi Van, Is the missing mass really missing?
http://web.wanadoo.be/dark.matter/ (Part 2)

NV02 - Narlikar, J.V., Vishwakarma, R.G., Banerjee, S.K., Das, P.K., Arp, H.C., Dynamics of Ejection From Galaxies and the Variable Mass Hypothesis, International Journal of Modern Physics D, 11, 245-257 (2002) - World Science Abstract (Part 6)

PA88 - Peratt, A. "Hannes Alfvén (1908-1995)" - The World and I, pp.190-197, (1988). http://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/people/alfven.html (Part 6) - [Added 06 August 2003.] - Thanks to John Fritzius of Arnold Missouri for the link.

PICDM-1 - Peebles, P. J. E. "An Isocurvature Cold Dark Matter Cosmonogy. I A Worked Example of Evolution Through Inflation" - ApJ 510, 523-530 (1999). - NADS (Part 2)

PICDM-2 - Peebles, P. J. E., "An Isocurvature Cold Dark Matter Cosmonogy. II Observational Tests" - ApJ 510, 531-540 (1999). - NADS (Part 2)

RW08 - Ritz, Walter, Recherches critiques sur l'Électrodynamique Générale, Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 13, 145-278 (1908). English translation online at:
http://www.datasync.com/~rsf1/crit/1908a.htm (Part 2)

SC21 - Harlow Shapley & Heber D. Curtis - The Scale of the Universe, NRC Transcripts of the "Great Debate" Bulletin of the National Research Council, Volume 2, Part 3, Number 11, pp 171-217 (May 1921).
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/diamond_jubilee/1920/cs_nrc.html (Parts 2, 3)

SEV94 - Savage, D., Elliot, J., and Villard, R. - Hubble Rules Out a Leading Explanation For Dark Matter" - NASA Release 94-188 - http://www.qadas.com/qadas/nasa/nasa-hm/0007.html (Part 1)

SMKU - Seishi Matsuki, Kyoto University, Dark matter - the mystery of missing mass
http://www.oxford-instruments.com/SCNRMP13.htm - 15 January 2003. (Part 1)

SNP - ScienceNet - Physics - What is the Missing Mass problem?
http://www.sciencenet.org.uk/database/Physics/Cosmology/p00717c.html (Part 1)

SRR90 - Sharma, Rati Ram, Unified Physical Theory, A Falcon Book from Cosmo Publications, New Delhi, India (1990). For some recent research that builds on Sharma's 1990 work see Applied UPT Abridged. (Part 1) [Added 25 March 2004.]

SV87 - Vladimir Sekerin - Gnosiological Peculiarities in the Interpretation of Observations (For Example the Observation of Binary Stars), Contemporary Science and Regularity in its Development, 4 119-123, Tomsk University (1987) - English translation at: http://www.datasync.com/~rsf1/sekerin.htm (Part 2)

TV95 - Trimble, Virginia The 1920 Shapley-Curtis Discussion: Background, Issues, and Outcome - (Prepared for the 1995 75th Anniversary Astronomical Debate and for Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. - http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/diamond_jubilee/papers/trimble.html (Part 4)

Postcards from the Edge - Sharmila Kamat - New Scientist vol 184 issue 2473, 13 November 2004, page 42 - "Images from beyond the edge of the visible universe are forcing cosmologists back to the drawing board." . . . "Modelling galaxies with a mass distribution that includes a dark matter halo leads to an anomalously low value of the Hubble constant from gravitational lenses." (Christopher Kochanek) [Added 01 December 2004.] Article is available online at New Scientist Print Edition Archive" for registered subscribers.

Clouds gather over 'dark matter' - Astronomers challenge assumptions on galaxies' formation - Keay Davidson, San Francisco Chronicle - Monday September 8, 2003. [Added 30 November 2004.]

fractaluniverse.org - Colin Hill - Photographic Evidence of plasma dynamics overpowering gravity in astronomical objects . [Added 9 May 2004.]