One can condemn Christianity by considering the actions of the Ku Klux Klan and the Westboro Baptists just as much as he can condemn Islam for the actions of Islamic terrorists, but he would be equally mistaken. The devil, the Father of Lies, would have no greater triumph than to start a war involving virtually all of humanity between those who believe passionately in the One True GOD of Abraham and so-called "Christians" who hate them for their beliefs, especially if they don't even know what those beliefs are.
Christians usually make mistakes talking about other peoples' religion, but this is the best I can do to love my Muslim neighbors as myself. As a Christian, I simply cannot stand by doing nothing while the whole world goes mad. With intercontinental air travel and nuclear weapons, our planet today is simply too small a place anymore to be divided into "them" and "us." Accordingly, I present in what follows my understanding of the Koran and its Message. This is manifestly not the Koran. The canonical Koran is written in classical Arabic, although there are many reasonably good translations available to those who do not read that language. Very little of the following translation is my work. Most of it is based on the free download translation by Dr. Rashad Khalifa, Ph.D. Dr. Khalifa's conclusions may be controversial, but his English is pretty clear. The text was compared with, and occasionally amended based on, translations by Yusuf Ali, Marmaduke Mohammad Pickthall and M.H. Shakir from the University of California's Compendium of Muslim texts website. One can find their three translations of any ayat by going to their website (http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/SSS.qmt#SSS.AAA) where SSS is replaced with the sura number and AAA is replaced with the specific ayat, using leading zeros where necessary to provide three digits in each case. (For example, http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#002.190 takes you to the prohibition against aggression at [2:190].) Forwards to each sura are based on Syed Maududi's introductions there (http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/maududi/index.html) from his "The Meaning of the Qur'an," perhaps the most scholarly work on that subject in the English Language. The word "SURA" ahead of each sura title in what follows is a link to Dr. Maududi's introduction to that sura. Bold numbers in brackets identify the Koran itself; other numbers identify commentary or links, in many cases to the online New American Bible. At the end of this document there is a cross reference table of all the Biblical citations in the commentary to the specific place(s) in this document where they appear.
In all cases, I attempted to convey my understanding of the essential thought in the English with which I am most familiar. As Christians are well aware, any attempt to interpret Holy Scripture invariably reflects the viewpoint of the interpreter. Therefore, I encourage all who are interested in what the Koran really says to learn Arabic and then read it in the language used by GOD Himself. If you already know Arabic, I invite you to get a true copy of the Koran, read it, and be guided by the moral principles it recommends.
The purpose of this exercise is to educate Christians and other non-Muslims regarding what I believe Islam, the most popular religion in the history of mankind, teaches. I am not trying to proselyte or convert anyone, but it seems to me that the source of inspiration and salvation for one-fifth of the world's population ought to be at least nominally understood by the rest of us who worship the same GOD, and perhaps other people of good will as well. I have tried to incorporate concepts, ideas and references familiar to Christians, not to preserve the purity of Muslim orthodoxy, which I probably don't understand anyway. References to the Bible are intended to compare and contrast ideas found in both it and here, not to form any kind of judgment. They link to the New American Bible, which the Catholic Church uses and which I find easier to understand than the King James or Revised Standard versions. If any Muslims find this effort enlightening (if only to see their own faith from a different perspective), that is an additional welcome benefit. On the other hand, any Islamic scholars who find anything mistaken or objectionable in this publication are invited to e-mail me and set me straight. This is a work in progress, hopefully toward a good end.
In spite of the media fascination with a minuscule minority of radical hypocrites, the overwhelming majority of the world's educated Muslims admire and respect real Christians for our positive beliefs and values, if not, perhaps, for our often incompatible actions. It is high time we reciprocated, especially for those of us who claim to love them.
|
The Bible
| |
The Koran
|
|---|
Shortly after the Roman conquest of Palestine and the Romanization of that territory, a Jewish craftsman known today as Jesus of Nazareth, from what is now northern Israel, taught over a period of about four years that the remedy for the perceived evils of his age was for people to love and care for each other. Drawing on the theological and moral concepts of his time and society, Jesus taught that the first and greatest commandment of Almighty GOD was that we should love Him and one another, and that people who did that would obtain eternal life.
| |
Shortly after the fall of the European Roman Empire and the beginning of the Dark Ages, an Arabian trader named Mohammed (or Muhammad), from what is now the city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, taught over a period of about twenty three years that the remedy for the perceived evils of his age was to submit totally to the will of GOD. Drawing on the theological and moral concepts of his time and society, the Koran that Mohammed proclaimed taught that the first and greatest commandment of Almighty GOD was that we should submit to his will, and that people who did that would obtain eternal life.
|
Jesus' teaching attracted a large following. His sayings and the events of his ministry were exchanged by word of mouth until they were eventually written down by some of his followers. Jesus himself did not establish a recognizable religion, but the beliefs and practices that he preached eventually became incorporated into the religion known as Christianity. Its adherents are known as Christians, "followers of the Anointed One." Over 2 billion people consider themselves Christians. They regard Jesus as the greatest of all religious teachers, the Son of GOD. Some Christians regard Jesus as being the personification of GOD Himself, "one in being with the Father."
| |
Mohammed's teaching attracted a large following. His sayings were exchanged by word of mouth. Eventually they were written down by some of his followers. Mohammed himself maintained he was reestablishing the true religion. The beliefs and practices that he preached eventually became incorporated into the religion known as Islam. Its adherents are known as Muslims, "those who submit." Over 1.2 billion people today call themselves Muslims. They regard Mohammed as the greatest of all religious prophets. Muslims regard Jesus as second only to Mohammed himself as a spokesman for and Prophet of GOD, but do not consider him to be GOD or His son.
|
Unfortunately, not all those who claim to be Christians adhere to or practice the teachings of Jesus. these require, first of all, love of one's fellow man. Many of the greatest atrocities of history, such as the Crusades, the Spanish Inquisition and the Holocaust, have been perpetrated by Christian extremists, often in the name of Christianity, even though the Christian Bible forbids hatred of or cruelty toward anyone.
| |
Unfortunately, not all those who claim to be Muslims adhere to or practice the teachings of the Koran that require, first of all, submission to the will of GOD. Many of the greatest atrocities of recent times, such as the attack on the World Trade Center, suicide bombings and the beheading of captives, have been perpetrated by Islamic extremists, often in the name of Islam, even though the Koran forbids hatred of or cruelty toward anyone.
|
The written teachings and activities of Jesus were eventually combined with the religious scriptures used by him and other Jews and original works by his followers into what is today known as the Bible. The word "Bible" comes from the Greek "biblos," meaning "book." Christians believe that it is the inspired word of GOD, intended to be read, understood and followed. The complete Bible was translated into Latin, the popular language of the Roman Empire, under the direction of Pope Damasus, the leader of the Christian Church, by his secretary, St. Jerome, about 383 AD. It was translated into English for use by Christians who spoke that language by a commission established by King James I of England in 1611, and has since been revised several times and translated into every language of the civilized world. Christians believe that it is GOD's definitive revelation to humanity and the basic Scripture of Christianity.
| |
The written revelations from Mohammed were eventually combined by his followers into what is today known as the Koran, sometimes spelled "Quran" or "Qur'an" in English. The name comes from an Arabic word that means "recitation." Muslims believe it is the inspired literal word of GOD, intended to be recited, understood, and devoutly observed. Originally a disparate collection of Mohammed's revelations, the complete Koran was eventually written in classical Arabic, the popular language of Arabia. It was completed under the direction of Mohammed's father-in-law, Abu Bakr, by Mohammed's personal scribe, Zayd ibn Thabit Al-Ansari, about AD 650. It has been translated into every language of the civilized world, but only the classical Arabic version is considered authentic and therefore not subject to revision. Muslims believe that it is GOD's definitive (and final) revelation, the basic Scripture of Islam.
|
The multiplicity of translations of the Bible is a source of confusion and controversy among Christians, and a large part of Christian ministry is devoted to explaining what it means and applying its precepts to modern times. Nevertheless, the version published by the King James Commission has become so popular that its archaic language is still used in much of Christian liturgy. Some Christians believe that its English direct quotations prove that the persons quoted, such as Jesus himself, actually spoke that language. Literal belief in the expression of secular views and concepts popular at the time the various books of the Bible originated also puts some Christians at odds with modern scientific thought and methods. As a result, some Christians maintain that there is a conflict between science and religion. This tends to stifle participation in scientific inquiry by fundamentalist Christians.
| |
The Koran avoids the confusion and controversy among its adherents over a multiplicity of translations by maintaining only the Arabic version as canonical. Therefore, Muslim ministry is devoted primarily to reciting its text and applying it to modern concerns. Arabic is still the language used in Muslim liturgy. Because it is the literal word of GOD, Muslims believe that GOD Himself actually employs that language. Because the Koran limits itself to theological and moral themes, it avoids religious promulgation of the expression of secular views and concepts popular at the time it originated. Muslims therefore have few religions problems with modern scientific thought and methods. As a result, Muslims do not see a conflict between science and religion. Many modern sciences, notably arithmetic, medicine and astronomy, were invented by Muslim scholars, and are fully compatible with Muslim beliefs and practices.
|
The diversity of authors, intended audiences, cultures and social conventions of the various books of the Bible make it difficult for modern believers to understand. Many of the fundamental differences of Christian religions are due to this problem. In addition, much of the Bible was written at a time when religious teaching was intended exclusively for men, and therefore many of its books contain the bias against women peculiar to the time of their writing. Catholic Christians believe that the Catholic Church, established by Jesus Christ, exists to explain and interpret Scripture and carry out its commands. They accept its definitive teachings as infallible, that is, incapable of error. Most Protestants consider the Bible itself to be the only true source of inspiration and accept even conflicting contradictory interpretations as "true" for the people who believe them.
| |
The Koran has a single author, and arises from a single culture, language and set of social conventions. In spite of the fact that its cultural basis makes it appear to be written only for men, it is intended for all mankind, and contains the most progressive guarantees of women's rights of its time. These factors make it easier for devout believers to understand and apply its teachings. The differences in Muslim traditions are therefore comparatively superficial, in spite of the passions they inflame. Muslims believe that the Koran itself is "an infallible guide for those who wish to avoid evil" (Sura 2:2). They accept its definitive teachings as incapable of error. Most Muslims agree with Protestants that Scripture itself is the only true source of inspiration and accept conflicting contradictory interpretations as the only definitive guide for people who believe them.
|
|
The Christian Bible, the New Testament, incorporates earlier Jewish scriptures, the Old Testament. It mentions a number of historical figures, such as Adam, Enoch, Noah, Heber, Shelah, Abraham, Lot, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Job, Jethro, David, Solomon, Elijah, Elisha, Jonah, Aaron, Moses, and Ezra, from Jewish tradition, and Zechariah, Jesus, his mother Mary and John the Baptist from the Christian addition. Far from being a single book, the Bible is a disparate collection of religious writings by numerous authors over thousands of years to various audiences, the number of books and verses considered to be authentic is one of the controversies of Christianity. Modern Bibles incorporate them in roughly chronological order from the "Book of Beginnings" (Genesis) to "The Final Things" (Revelation). In addition to clearly religious teaching, the Bible contains a large amount of Jewish and Christian traditional folktales and ethnic literature.
| |
The Koran incorporates earlier religious scriptures used by and familiar to Mohammed and his followers mainly by reference. It mentions a number of historical figures from the Bible, such as Adam, Enoch, Noah, Heber, Shelah, Abraham, Lot, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Job, Jethro, David, Solomon, Elijah, Elisha, Jonah, Aaron, Moses, Ezra, Zechariah, Jesus, his mother Mary, and John the Baptist. The Koran is a single book consisting of 114 suras, or chapters, totaling 6348 ayats, or verses, counting the introductory invocations. The intended audience is all mankind, including, specifically, Christians and Jews. The sequence in which the ayats and suras appear is different from that in which the text was written or dictated, so that the subject matter often changes abruptly, and the train of thought appears somewhat discontinuous. The central theme remains religious teaching and inspiration, and includes very little history or folklore.
|
The concept of GOD in modern Christianity and Judaism derives from man's instinctive belief, evident in every culture, in a powerful, supernatural being. Abraham grew up in a culture that worshipped Marduk, the "Most High GOD, creator of heaven and earth" identified in {Genesis 14:20}, to whom all other gods were subordinate. Moses expanded this concept of the "Most High" GOD, claiming that He was the only GOD, fundamentally different from all others, with a secret name, unlimited power and a special affection for Jews. Armed only with this concept and a staff, Moses developed a society, an ethnic group, a code of laws, and a mighty nation based on this single unifying belief.
| |
The concept of GOD in modern Islam derives from man's instinctive belief, evident in every culture, in a powerful, supernatural being. Mohammed grew up in a culture that worshipped Allah, the "Most High GOD, to whom all other gods were subordinate. Mohammed expanded this concept of the "Most High" GOD, claiming that He was the only GOD, fundamentally different from all others, with unlimited power and a special affection for all mankind. The Koran categorically states that it was this GOD, identified in the Bible, whom both Abraham ([2:131-138], [3:84, 95], [4:125], [6:161] and [22:78]) and Moses ([4:164], [6:91, 154], [7:103-158], [10:75-84], [11:17, 96], [14:5], 17:2], etc.) worshipped.
|
The names for GOD in the Bible show a development in the concept of a living, spiritual, monotheistic Deity over time. The story of the golden calf shows a fundamental confusion among Jews of Moses' time with pagan concepts. The earliest Biblical reference consists of the Hebrew letters yod, heh, and vav, pronounced "Yahweh" by some Christians and "Jehovah" by others. Orthodox Jews pronounce the name of GOD in Hebrew only in solemn religious rituals, and write "G-d" in English. The capitalized term "GOD" in English, "Theos" in Greek and "Deus" in Latin refers to the Jewish and Christian (and Muslim) "Most High" GOD, while the uncapitalized "god" is a common noun that is pronounced "elohim" in Hebrew. GOD is also addressed in English Bibles as "Lord," (Hebrew "Adonai," Latin "Dominus.") as a form of respectful address, reflecting the English and Roman concept of someone of the noble class.
| |
The name for GOD in the Koran shows the maturity of the concept of the Christian and Jewish Deity at the time of Mohammed. the term "god" is used in the Koran to refer to pagan, or "false" gods. Reference to GOD in the Koran uses the proper name "Allah," which means, literally, "the Most High GOD." "Allah" is therefore a proper name and also a theological definition or description. The closest Hebrew equivalent is written in English as "YHWH," ("He who is") because written Hebrew has no vowels. Orthodox Muslims pronounce "Allah" only with reverence, in compliance with the commandment not to take the name of GOD in vain. The term "GOD" will be used in what follows because there is no equivalent word for "Allah" in English, Greek or Latin. These languages simply phonetically reproduce the sound of the Arabic name. The Koran also uses the term "Lord" as a form of respectful address.
|
The earliest extant Bible is the Greek translation of the Old Testament from the original Hebrew, known as the Septuagint. It was used by the early Christians, and it is from this source that Luke and Paul draw their discourses on the prophesies fulfilled by Jesus. An addition to the Septuagint, a gathering together of the Gospels, Acts, the various Epistles, and Revelation, written in Greek, is what we know today as the New Testament. This compilation and their official translations in the Catholic and Protestant churches have been extensively copied, revised, rewritten, and retranslated, so that modern translations are culturally disconnected from the societies in which they were written. Much biblical study today is concerned with discovering the meanings originally intended by the authors, about many of whom little or nothing is known.
| |
Each verse of the Koran was recited by the Prophet Mohammed. Initially, they were transcribed by his listeners on anything that happened to be available: leaves, pieces of wood, parchment, leather, or flat stones. Several hundred of his companions memorized the entire text, but after the heavy casualties of the disastrous Battle of Yamamah, in which many of them were killed, the written verses were collected and word for word copies were made and distributed throughout the world to this day. This absolute preservation of the language and style of the original texts provides a clear historical picture not only of Mohammed's Message, but also of the culture of the people about whom he spoke. It therefore gives Christians and Jews, as well as Muslims, a telescope back in time to a period of the early evolution of their religion.
|
As a physical object, the Bible is as varied as its interpretations. It has been reproduced in all manageable sizes, from simple and plain to ornate and fancy. There is virtually no limit to what can pay for a copy of the Holy Bible, but the Gideons will give you one for nothing. Bibles are treated with varying degrees of reverence by Christians, who often place it in a place of honor, or at least visibility, in their homes and churches. It is considered sinful among the devout and bad luck among the superstitious to desecrate a Bible.
| |
As a physical object, the Koran is as varied as its interpretations. It has been reproduced in all manageable sizes, from simple and plain to ornate and fancy. There is virtually no limit to what can pay for a copy of the Koran, but there are places you can get one for nothing. Copies of the Koran are treated by Muslims with the reverence appropriate to the divine literal word. They often wash and perform other rituals before reading or reciting it. It is considered sinful among the devout and bad luck among the superstitious to desecrate a Koran.
|
|
Much of Jewish and Christian belief and practice contained in the Bible represents wisdom, good advice, and common sense. One does not have to be a Jew or Christian to recognize in the teachings of the Prophets, Jesus and his disciples the reasonable, logical and practical prescriptions for living a happy, peaceful and rewarding life. In spite of portions of it with which we may respectfully disagree, the Bible is not a book simply for Christians and Jews, it is a practical guide for righteous living for people of good will everywhere.
| |
Much of Muslim belief and practice contained in the Koran represents wisdom, good advice, and common sense. One does not have to be a Muslim to recognize in the revelations of the Prophet Mohammed the reasonable, logical and practical prescriptions for living a happy, peaceful and rewarding life. In spite of portions of it with which we may respectfully disagree, the Koran is not a book simply for Muslims, it is a practical guide for righteous living for people of good will everywhere.
|
The title (but not the general theme) of this sura refers to GOD's directive to sacrifice a cow as a ritual for purification from sin, [2:67-73] (and possibly {Numbers 19:2-10}). This may seem like foolishness to unbelievers, but because it is a directive from GOD, the righteous person simply obeys (submits), "because the foolishness of GOD is wiser than men." {1 Corinthians1:25}. According to Muslim belief, the Jews had corrupted the instructions they had received from Abraham, Moses and the Prophets, and were, at the time of Mohammed, apostates from the true religion given by GOD to their ancestors. See [4:125].
The theme of this Sura is actually divine guidance. The Jews are enjoined to follow the guidance handed down by GOD, not only that revealed by Mohammed, but also what they had previously received. Much of this sura is concerned with restoring those beliefs and precepts and exhorting the Jews to follow them.
|
In the name of GOD, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
[2:1] A.L.M.
| |
[2:1] Most of the suras begin with the Bismallah and Arabic initials, which are here rendered in English. The significance of the letters is still a matter for discussion.
|
[2:2] This Scripture is an infallible guide for those who wish to avoid evil.
[2:3] Those who believe in the spiritual things they cannot see and are steadfast in prayer and give to charity out of the riches bestowed upon them,
| |
[2:2] The Opening Prayer, Sura 1, asks GOD to "guide us in the right path." This "infallible guide" is an answer to that prayer. Because the Scripture itself is an "infallible guide," it does not require (or allow) interpretation. Muslims are expected to become familiar enough with the Koran that they know what it means.
|
[2:4] And who believe in what was revealed to you, and before you, they are absolutely certain of salvation.
[2:5] These are guided by their Lord; they are the saints.
[2:6] As for those who choose not to believe, it does not matter who they are, or not, because they cannot believe.
[2:7] GOD seals their minds and their hearing, and their eyes are veiled. Their punishment will be great indeed!
| |
[2:3] The teachings of this "infallible guide" will be perceived differently by three types of people. They will be received eagerly and profitably by the righteous for their salvation. See also {Matthew 13:23, Mark 4:20, Luke 8:15}.
[2:4] "What was revealed to you (Mohammed)" - The Koran. "What was revealed before you" - the Bible.
[2:6-7] Those who choose not to believe will reject this "infallible guide." Compulsion in religion is forbidden. See [2:256]. Only GOD is able to forcibly convert those who freely repudiate His word, but He doesn't do that. See also {John 12:40, Romans 9:18}.
|
[2:8] Then there are those who claim, "We believe in GOD and the Last Day," while they are really not believers.
[2:9] In trying to deceive GOD and the true believers, they only deceive themselves without perceiving their deceit.
[2:10] They sicken their minds, and GOD augments their sickness. They have incurred a terrible retribution for their lies.
[2:11] When they are admonished, "the things you are doing are evil," they say, "Oh, no, we are the righteous ones!"
[2:12] In fact, they are the evildoers, but they do not perceive that.
[2:13] When they are told, "You should behave like the true believers," they reply, "What, should we imitate those pious fools?" In fact, it is they who are the fools, but they do not realize it.
| |
[2:8-10] Worst of all are the hypocrites, who say they believe in GOD's word, but behave differently. GOD concurs in their self-imposed punishment. See also {Matthew 7:15-27, 15:7, Mark 7:6}. At the time this sura was revealed, Muslims from all over Arabia were working to create a Islamic city-state in Medina. They faced fierce political and military opposition from non-Muslims bent on destroying it utterly. The hypocrites were aiding and giving aid and comfort to the enemies of Islam by providing weapons, supplies, sanctuary, intelligence information, and moral support. Since these were the very people that Mohammed hoped to convert, he couldn't just get rid of them. It is a common political problem, which is with us even today.
[2:11-13] Everybody recognizes the evil deeds of the hypocrites except the hypocrites themselves. See also {Matthew 3:9, John 8:39-47} the hypocrites regard the righteous as fools. This is the central theme of this sura, that the wisdom of submission to GOD, whatever that requires, (such as sacrificing the cow) often appears to the unbelievers as foolish. A similar sentiment can be found in {Isaiah 55:7-9}.
|
[2:14] When they meet true believers, they say, "We agree with you," but when alone with their fellow devils, they say, "We actually agree with you; we were only ridiculing those others."
[2:15] In fact, GOD Himself ridicules them, by allowing them to blunder about blindly.
[2:16] They have purchased bungling at the expense of guidance. Such an exchange benefits them not at all, but leaves them directionless.
[2:17] Their example is like those who start a fire, then, as it begins to shed light around them, GOD takes away their light, leaving them in darkness, unable to see.
[2:18] Deaf, dumb, and blind; they stumble away from the right path.
[2:19] Like people who put their fingers in their ears to escape the mortal danger of thunder and lightning of a violent thunderstorm their actions are worthless, but *GOD knows who they are.
| |
[2:14-19] The hypocrites' attempted ridicule of the devout results in their own destruction, because they don't accept reality. Even if they occasionally mistakenly do something right (like starting a fire for the light), they still don't benefit, because GOD knows that they are still hypocrites, and punishes them accordingly. See also {Galatians 6:7-10}.
*The phrase "GOD knows" or "GOD is aware" occurs roughly 60 times throughout the Koran.
The evils of the time endured by those who reject Mohammed and his Message are considered proof positive that the opponents of its teachings were "stumbling away from the right path."
Actually, this writing refers to two specific groups of hypocrites of Mohammed's time; those who pretended to accept his revelations to impress their believing neighbors and attempting to secure the benefits of being of the same faith without practicing it, and enemies who professed to accept Mohammed's revelations to sabotage them from within. Islamic terrorists claim (and may believe) they are following the Koran, but they actually belong to one (or both) of these groups.
|
|
[2:20] Even though the lightning almost blinds them, they move forward in the light and stand still in the darkness. But GOD is all powerful; if He chose, He could make them permanently blind and deaf.
| |
[2:20] Even the hypocrites have an occasional flash of insight, but that is no escape from the punishment of GOD for their evil actions. He could deny them even this blessing if He decided to.
|
[2:21] Oh people, worship only your Lord - He who created you and all your ancestors - so that you may be saved.
[2:22] The One who made the earth habitable for you, and the sky a structure. He sends down from the sky water, to produce all kinds of fruits for your sustenance. Now that you know about GOD, do not establish rivals to Him.
| |
[2:21-22] This reiterates the central theme; what appears to be foolishness to the unbelievers and hypocrites is, in fact, the only sane way to behave. It simply doesn't make sense to one who knows a being as powerful as GOD, who created everything and everyone, to pay allegiance to anything else (an idol, a false prophet) instead. Subsequent discourses in this sura point out the powerlessness of idols in comparison to the limitless power of GOD.
|
[2:23] If you have any doubt regarding what We* revealed to Our* servant, then produce one sura like these, and call upon your own witnesses against GOD, if you think you can.
[2:24] If you cannot do this - and you never can - then beware of hellfire that burns both people and the very stones, and awaits those who refuse to believe.
| |
[2:23-24] Basically, "if you think you have better ideas than those contained in this book, prove it! But beware of the consequences of being wrong!
*We, Our, Us - the royal pronouns. GOD speaks as the ultimate nobility. Muslims reject any conclusion that this implies a multiplicity (such as the Trinity) in GOD. See [4:171].
|
[2:25] Conversely, announce the good news to those who believe and lead a virtuous life that they will have beautiful gardens with flowing streams. They will have delights so as to remind them of the most delicious fruits they have ever eaten. This is just an allegory to what they will experience. They will have holy spouses and will live there forever.
[2:26] GOD does not mind using allegory to teach us, from the tiny mosquito to greater things. Those who believe know that this is a means by which their Lord teaches truth. Those who disbelieve, will say, "What did GOD mean by such an allegory?" By this strategy GOD misleads many, and guides many. But He never misleads any except the wicked,
[2:27] who violate GOD's covenant after pledging to uphold it, sever what GOD has commanded to be joined, and commit evil. These are the condemned.
| |
[2:25-27] The believers and the righteous will achieve Paradise. See also [2:62]. The delights of paradise are so wonderful that they cannot be described except by allegory, although the description here gives some limited idea of how absolutely delightful it will be. The imagery of beautiful gardens, flowing water and delicious fruits is especially attractive to nomads living in a barren, hostile desert, and suggest a beautiful oasis where the righteous will gather. GOD, of course, works hard to explain this concept in ways limited human beings can understand. The believers will accept this limitation on their understanding of GOD's truth and accept what He says as all that their finite minds can comprehend. The unbelievers will find in it an excuse to object to and reject GOD's revelation. Thus the same revelations will enlighten the righteous and condemn the wicked. See {Matthew 13:10-15, Mark 4:10-12}. The wicked are those who break faith with GOD and repudiate His ordinances.
|
[2:28] How can you possibly disbelieve in GOD? At first you did not exist at all; then He gave you life! When He puts you to death, he will bring you back to life again, so that you can ultimately return to Him.
[2:29] He created everything on earth for you, and then He created the heavens, out to the uttermost perfection of the universe.* He knows everything!
[2:30] Remember, your Lord said to the angels, "I am placing a representative on Earth." they replied, "Are you really going to appoint one who will spread evil there and spill blood, while we continue to sing Your praises, glorify You, and uphold Your absolute authority?" He said, "I know better than you." | |
[2:28-29] This is a continuation of the previous theme that the truths of GOD (the description of paradise in this case) are beyond human understanding. On the other hand, if GOD is able to create you in the first place, why should you doubt that He can bring you back from the dead? GOD is all powerful and all knowing!
*The precise translation mentions "seven" universes, but seven is a common metaphor in both the Bible and Koran for "perfect," or "complete."
[2:30] This continues the theme that it is futile to judge GOD on the basis of creature concepts. His plan to have a mischievous and fallible human being manage the Earth seems foolish even to the angels. GOD replies that He knows what he is doing.
|
[2:31] He taught Adam the names of all things then presented them to the angels, saying, "Tell me what these things are, if you know."
[2:32] But they said, "All glory to You. We do not know anything except that which You have taught us. Surely, You are the (only) One Who knows everything."
[2:33] He said, "O Adam, tell them what these things are." When he told them, GOD said, "Did I not tell you that I know the secrets of the heavens and the earth? I know what you reveal, and what you keep hidden."
| |
[2:31-33] Adam exercises his stewardship over the earth by naming all its creatures. See also {Genesis 2:19} GOD thus demonstrates to the angels that He did indeed know what He was doing when he created mankind and gave man dominion over the earth.
Naming a thing was thought to exercise power over it. Adam's authority over his wife was established by his naming her {Genesis 3:20}. Moses attempted to gain power over GOD by trying to get Him to reveal his name in {Exodus 3:13-14}, but GOD didn't fall for the trick. As a result "I am that I am" is as close as the Jews can come to His name. The word "Allah" in Arabic means "the Most High GOD, possibly "the First of Many."
|
|
[2:34] When we said to the angels, "Fall prostrate before Adam," they fell prostrate, except Satan; he refused, was too arrogant, and thus became a disbeliever.
| |
[2:34-36] Adam's position as GOD's representative makes him worthy of honor even from the angels. Satan chooses to dispute this, and thus becomes evil and in turn corrupts Adam. See also {Genesis 3:1.}
|
[2:35] We said, "O Adam, live with your wife in Paradise, and eat anything you desire, but do not approach this tree, because you will then commit a sin."
[2:36] But the devil deceived them, and caused their eviction from Paradise. We said, "Go down as enemies of one another. On Earth shall be your habitation and provision for awhile."
[2:37] Then, Adam received from his Lord instructions by which He redeemed him. He is *the Redeemer, Most Merciful.
[2:38] We said, "Go forth, all of you. When I give you guidance, those who follow it will have no fear, nor will they grieve.
[2:39] "As for those who refuse to believe and reject our revelations, they will be condemned to Hell, where they will remain forever."
| |
[2:37] In spite of Adam's betrayal of his trust, GOD provides escape through redemptive instruction (in the Bible and the Koran). See also {John 3:16}.
*"the Redeemer" - one of the many "names of GOD" in the Koran. Although the idea of the One, Only GOD was well developed in Judaism and Christianity in Mohammed's time, the pagan Arabs were still struggling with the concept, and found it difficult to understand that the Most High (Allah) was the only one. The various "names of GOD" deal with this problem by describing His attributes. See the commentary on names of GOD.
[2:38-39] Every human being still has a choice, whether to accept GOD's instruction and be saved, or reject it and be condemned. GOD has already given instruction to the Jews through Adam, Noah, Moses, and the Prophets, and to the Christians through Jesus. they are reminded of this in the following remarks. This is one of many instances in which the Koran appeals to the similarity of Islam with the beliefs of other monotheistic religions.
|
[2:40] Oh Children of Israel, remember My favor that I bestowed upon you. Fulfill your part of the covenant, just as I fulfill mine, and reverence Me.
[2:41] You shall believe what I have revealed herein, confirming what you already have; do not be the first to reject it. Do not trade away My revelations for a cheap price, and listen to Me.
[2:42] Do not confuse truth with falsehood, nor conceal the truth knowingly.
[2:43] You shall observe the Necessary prayers and contribute the Obligatory charity, and bow down with those who bow down.
| |
[2:40-41] GOD calls first upon the Jews, the "elder brothers in the faith, the first to receive His Word" in the Old Testament ("what you already have") to accept the additional Message from Mohammed.
[2:42-43] The Jews are here enjoined to preserve the truth of their religion ("confirming what you already have"), given to them by GOD Himself, but are also commanded (along with pagan and Christian converts) to perform those other acts required by the Koran. They may continue their Jewish practices, but must perform the "Necessary prayers" (Salat) and give the "Obligatory charity" (zakat) (two of the "Five Pillars of Islam" required of all Muslims), and perform the other requirements.
|
[2:44] Do you exhort other people to be virtuous, while forgetting your own selves, even though you read the Scriptures? Are you crazy?
[2:45] You shall seek help through steadfastness and the Necessary prayers. This is difficult indeed, but not so for the reverent,
[2:46] who believe that they will meet their Lord; who ultimately return to Him.
| |
[2:44-46] The Jews, schooled in the previous revelations from GOD, have no right to judge others if they do not practice the tenets of their own faith, which many of them were not doing. Islam imposes new requirements, but it additionally relaxes some of the old ones. If they truly accepted their own Scriptures, they would accept the additional revelation of the Koran and practice what it commands. Conversion is likely to be at least moderately difficult, but those who are really righteous will do it anyway.
|
[2:47] Oh Children of Israel, remember My favor that I bestowed upon you, and remember that I blessed you more than any other people.
[2:48] Beware of the day when no one can help another, no intercession will be accepted, no ransom can be paid, nor can anyone be helped.
[2:49] Recall that we saved you from Pharaoh's people who inflicted upon you the worst persecution, slaying your sons and sparing your daughters. That was an exacting test from your Lord.
[2:50] Recall that we parted the sea for you; we saved you and drowned Pharaoh's people before your very eyes.
[2:51] Yet, when we summoned Musa (Moses) for forty nights, you worshipped the calf in his absence, and turned wicked.
[2:52] Still, we pardoned you thereafter that you may be appreciative.
| |
[2:47-52] GOD reminds the Jews of His many blessings upon them in spite of their predilection for evil. This is His final revelation and exhortation to humanity. If the Jews reject this Message, they will be lost forever, and no one will be able to save them.
[2:49] See {Exodus 1:15-22}. The "worst persecution" was probably the "sparing" of the daughters, who were thus made prostitutes and concubines in Egypt. Their children, ethnic Jews and therefore of the Chosen People, were nonetheless illegitimate, and were born into slavery to the Egyptians.
[2:50] {Exodus 14:5-31}
[2:51] {Exodus 32:1-10}
[2:52] {Exodus 32:14} the Jews did not appreciate the numerous instances when GOD saved them from disaster, and continued to commit the same kinds of transgressions that got them into it. They cannot do that any more, because this is the last Message from GOD that they will receive. If they disregard it this time, they are doomed!
|
[2:53] Recall that we gave Moses the Law and the Prophets for your guidance.
[2:54] Remember that Moses said to his people, "O my people, you have wronged your souls by worshipping the calf. You must repent to your Creator. You shall purge yourselves of pride. This is a better way for your Creator to see you." He redeemed you because He is the Most Merciful Redeemer.*
[2:55] Recall that you replied, "Oh Moses, we will not believe unless we see GOD, physically." then the lightning struck you, as you looked on.
[2:56] Then We revived you, after you had died, so that you might be thankful.
[2:57] We shaded you with clouds (in Sinai), and sent down to you manna and quails: "Eat from the good things we provided for you." Those who rebelled did not hurt Us; they only hurt themselves.
| |
[2:53-57] The difficulty that the Jews might have in accepting GOD's additional communication in the Koran is not new, they (and mankind in general) have a long history of ethnic egoism. This characteristic attitude has gotten them into trouble since the time of Adam. Many of the Jews believed that because they were GOD's Chosen People, they were automatically saved through the merits of Abraham without any need for righteousness or repentance on their part. It was a problem that made the Pharisees and other Jewish teachers also skeptical of the need for accepting the Message of Jesus, as recorded in {Matthew 3:9, Luke 3:8, John 8:33-40}. GOD Himself refers to them as "stiff-necked" {Exodus 32:9; 33:3, 5; Deuteronomy 9:13; 10:16}, as does Moses {Deuteronomy 9:6; 31:27} and Hezekiah {2 Chronicles 30:8} It is a charge that Stephen leveled against them again in {Acts 7:51}. Unfortunately for them, their pride only hurts themselves, not GOD, who is beyond being affected by man.
*"Merciful Redeemer" - one of the many "names of GOD" in the Koran.
|
[2:58] Recall that we said, "Enter this town, where you will find as many provisions as you like. Just enter the gate humbly, and treat the people with respect. We will thus forgive your sins, and increase the reward of the pious."
[2:59] But the wicked among them carried out commands other than those given to them. Therefore, we sent condemnation from the sky upon the transgressors due to their wickedness.
[2:60] Recall that when Moses sought water for his people. We said, "Strike the rock with your staff." Whereupon, twelve springs gushed out from the rock, one for each tribe. Eat therefore and drink from the bounty of GOD's provisions before you. Do not wander around aimlessly, causing trouble.
[2:61] Recall that you complained, "Oh Moses, we cannot live with just one kind of food. Call upon your Lord to produce for us earthly crops; beans, cucumbers, garlic, lentils, and onions." He said, "Would you replace what is good with what is inferior? Go into the city, where you can find what you asked for." they have incurred condemnation, humiliation, and disgrace, and brought upon themselves GOD's wrath. This is because they rejected GOD's revelations, and murdered the prophets. They disobeyed and sinned.
| |
[2:58-59] The origin of this passage is obscure, possibly {Deuteronomy 2:2 and following}. It may also have been a folk tale familiar to the Jews and Arabs of Mohammed's time, but not to Christians today. The transgression of "the wicked" is a very serious one, however. Hospitality was (and is) of utmost importance to a nomadic people. Their very survival would have been severely jeopardized by offending the inhabitants of a city on which they depended for supplies.
[2:60] This event is recorded in {Numbers 20:11}.
[2:61] Another obscure reference, although it appears to refer to the "murmuring against Moses and Aaron in the wilderness" referred to in {Exodus 17:3} even after the miracles of the manna and quails. The rebuke here is highly complex: GOD provides their own oases with plenty of water, the people want to forage on their neighbors' property. GOD gives them all the food and water they need; the people want something else. What they're being given by GOD enables them to keep moving toward the Promised Land; they want to stop and plant crops. "Go into the city" may refer to the city in [2:58], where they wore out their welcome, in which case the rebuke is "It's your own fault that you can't get groceries in the city." It might also mean "leave the journey to the Promised Land if you can't take the hardship." One translation says "Go back to Egypt," which would obviously be a stinging reproof.
|
|
[2:62] Certainly, those who believe, Jews, Christians, and the other converts; anyone who (1) believes in GOD, and (2) believes in the Last Day, and (3) leads a righteous life, will receive their recompense from their Lord. They have nothing to fear, and they won't be sorry.
| |
[2:62] Salvation requires both faith and good works. These together are sufficient. Notice that the Koran specifically teaches that Jews and Christians can be saved. This will be mentioned again in [2:111] and amplified in [2:256]. See also {Matthew 7:21-23; 31-46}
|
[2:63] We made a covenant with you, as firm as Mount Sinai, saying, "You shall uphold what we have given you strongly, and remember its contents, that you may guard against evil."
[2:64] But you turned away thereafter, and if it were not for GOD's grace towards you and His mercy, you would have been doomed.
[2:65] You have known about those among you who desecrated the Sabbath. We said to them, "Be you as despicable as monkeys!"
[2:66] We set them up as an example for their generation, as well as subsequent generations, and an enlightenment for the righteous.
| |
[2:63-64] GOD reminds the Jews of His revelation contained in the Torah. See also {Deuteronomy 5:1-33} and His frequent forgiveness of their transgressions.
[2:65-66] Possibly as described in {Ezekiel 20:7-24}. The imagery there is one of monkeys or baboons that continually cause trouble without any remorse. They also have a habit of stealing bright, forbidden trinkets and refuse to give them up, even if they might be harmful. (Some translations say "apes," but few Arabs would have known what an "ape" was). Unlike the monkeys, GOD remembered His promise to them and forgave them over and over again, although He also gave then numerous opportunities to make mistakes so they could learn by them. The imagery of monkeys also appears in [5:60].
|
[2:67] Moses said to the people, "GOD commands you to make a sacrifice of a cow." they said, "Are you joking?" He said, "GOD forbid, that I should be a fool."
[2:68] They said, "Tell your Lord to show us which one." He said, "He says that she is to be in the prime of life. Now, go do what you were told."
[2:69] They said: Call on your Lord for our sake to make it plain to us what her color is. Musa said: He says, Surely she is a yellow cow; her color is intensely yellow, giving delight to the beholders.
[2:70] They said, "Tell your Lord to show us which one. All the cows look alike to us: we need GOD's guidance."
[2:71] He said, "He says she is to be a perfect offering, one that has never been yoked." they said, "Well, finally you have told us the truth." Finally, they reluctantly sacrificed her.
| |
[2:67-68] This is the discourse from which the title of this sura is taken, {Numbers 19:2-10}. St. Paul follows a similar theme in {1 Corinthians1:18-21; 4:10} and {2 Corinthians 11:21-22; 12:11}. The sacrificing of animals as an offering to GOD is perhaps the oldest religious ritual of the human race. GOD accepted animal sacrifice from Abel, but not crop sacrifice from Cain. This was the reason that Cain became angry and killed his brother {Genesis 4:4-8}. The directions in {Numbers 19:2-10} are step by step instructions that mandate this practice for the Jewish people. The objection of the Jews here is not recorded in the Numbers narrative, but is added here to illustrate their reluctance to submit to what they believe is a foolish directive.
[2:69] Some texts say a brown or red cow.
[2:70-71] "Tell your Lord to show us which one" - the Jews try to find excuses by pleading ignorance of what they are obviously commanded to do. "Your Lord" suggests that they don't want themselves to be identified with the Perpetrator of this "foolishness."
|
[2:72] You killed someone and then argued between yourselves about what to do, but GOD was about to expose what you tried to conceal.
[2:73] We said, "Strike (the victim) with part (of the heifer)." That is when GOD brought the victim back to life, and showed you His signs, to make you understand.
[2:74] In spite this, your hearts became even harder than rocks, from which issue rivers and gentle streams. Others fall before GOD, who is never unaware of anything you do.
| |
[2:72-73] Although most texts take this literally, "killed" may refer to a natural death and the subsequent consternation about what to do with the rotting corpse {Numbers 19:11}. "Back to life" may refer to the remission of uncleanliness (caused by handling a corpse) which this sacrifice was intended to accomplish. {Numbers 19:12}
[2:74] The "hard rocks" of the desert were a frequent source of misery and despair during the Exodus, but GOD can produce water even from the parched rocks. {Numbers 20:11} In the same way, GOD knows what can pour forth from hardened hearts.
|
[2:75] Do you expect them to believe as you do, some of whom heard the word of GOD, and then, knowingly, deliberately distorted it?
[2:76] And when they meet the faithful, they claim to believe but among themselves they say, "Do not tell the believers what GOD has revealed to you; otherwise, don't you understand that you will provide support for their argument concerning your Lord?"
[2:77] Don't realize that GOD knows everything they conceal, and everything they say?
[2:78] Among them are those who are ignorant of Scripture, except through hearsay, but assume that they know it.
[2:79] Therefore, woe to those who publish a distortion of Scripture, then claim, "This is from GOD," seeking cheap material profit. Woe to them for such distortion, and woe to them for their illicit gains.
| |
[2:75-79] The subject now turns to a warning about preachers. False prophets and teachers will attempt to distort the Word of GOD for their own purposes. Some of them are merely ignorant, but others know the Truth revealed by GOD but preach otherwise for their own benefit. See also {Matthew 7:15; 24:11, 24, Mark 13:22, Luke 6:26, 2 Peter 2:1, and 1 John 4:1} GOD knows what they do, and will punish them accordingly. This is an indictment not only of heretical clergy, but the very idea of "official" interpreters of doctrine. The written Koran itself is the only "infallible guide" ([2:2]).
It is also a condemnation of those Muslims, Christians and Jews who criticize each other's Scripture without having a clue about what such Scriptures actually say or require. Many modern so-called "Christian" critics of Islam fall into this category.
The language also suggests that there were what we might today call "televangelists" of Mohammed's time who attempted to make a few coins out of false teaching. "Woe to them," indeed!
|
[2:80] Some claim, "We will spend only a limited time in Hell." Say*, "Did GOD give you such a pledge (GOD never breaks His promises) or, are you saying something about GOD that you do not know?"
[2:81] The fact is, those who sins infuse them with evil will live in Hell and remain there forever.
[2:82] Those who believe and lead a righteous life will live forever in Paradise.
| |
[2:80-82] The false teachers claim that they (and possibly all the damned) will spend only a limited time in Hell, in proportion to the evil of the sins they committed. But their sins make them intrinsically evil. The punishment of Hell is therefore eternal, just as the reward of the just in Paradise is eternal.
*Say - This command appears numerous times in the Koran, which was revealed directly to Mohammed through the angel Gabriel. GOD directs him to recite this revelation.
|
[2:83] We made a covenant with the Children of Israel: "You shall not worship except GOD. You shall honor your parents and regard the relatives, the orphans, and the poor. You shall treat the people amicably. You shall observe the Necessary prayers and give the obligatory charity." But you turned away, except a few of you, and you became averse.
[2:84] We made a covenant with you, that you shall not shed your blood, nor shall you evict each other from your homes. You agreed and bore witness.
| |
[2:83-84] The Ten Commandments {Exodus 20:1-17; Deuteronomy 5:7-21}. The prohibition against killing is also in {Numbers 35:33}. The source of the prohibition against eviction is unfamiliar (possibly {Leviticus 25:29}), but in harmony with the other prohibitions. In any case, this is a very serious offense against the hospitality that is absolutely essential in a nomadic or semi-nomadic community, and would have been highly offensive even to the pagans of Mohammed's time. The emphasis here is the Jews' faithlessness not only with respect to GOD, but also among each other.
|
|
[2:85] Yet, here you are killing each other, and evicting some of you from their homes, banding against them sinfully and maliciously. Even when they surrendered, you demanded ransom from them, even though you were prohibited from evicting them in the first place. Do you believe only part of the Scripture and disbelieve another part? What should be the retribution for those among you who do this, except humiliation in this life, and a far worse retribution on the Day of Resurrection? GOD is never unaware of anything you do.
| |
[2:85] This list of indictments is a powerful argument that the Jews did not even treat each other with the respect that their religion required of them, much less their pagan neighbors. In addition, their injustice toward the people with whom they lived was so flagrant and offensive that it humiliated them even among the pagan Arabs, a stinging rebuke! Great as this humiliation is, it is not nearly as terrible as the appropriate retribution from GOD, who knows everything. The punishment from Him is eternal damnation, for they are irretrievably evil.
|
|
[2:86] They pay the price of the Hereafter for their sinful lives. Therefore, their retribution will never be commuted, and no one will be able to help them.
| |
[2:86] This may also be a repudiation, intended or not, of the Christian doctrines of Purgatory, the Communion of Saints, and indulgences.
|
|
[2:87] After all, We gave Moses the Taurat (Torah), and subsequently sent other messengers, We gave you Isa (Jesus), son of Maryam (Mary), profound miracles and supported him with the Holy Spirit. Yet isn't it true that every time a messenger went to you with anything you disliked, your ego got the best of you? You rejected some of them and killed others.
| |
[2:87] A condemnation repeated in {Matthew 23:34, Luke 6:23; 11:47, Acts 7:52}. The Koran says that Jesus is "the son of Mary" (but not the "son of GOD") and a messenger of GOD, who supported him with miracles and the Holy Spirit. He was treated the same as all the other messengers of GOD, who were rejected and killed (although this ayat does not claim that Jesus was killed. See [3:55].)
|
|
[2:88] Some claim to have made up their minds, but this is a curse from GOD, a consequence of their disbelief that keeps most of them from later accepting the truth.
| |
[2:88] People who proudly make up their minds call down a curse from GOD, their pride in their own judgment denies them the subsequent blessing of His revelation.
|
|
[2:89] When this Scripture came to them from GOD, and even though it agrees with, and confirms what they have, and even though they used to prophesy its advent when they talked with the disbelievers, when their own prophecy came to pass, they did not accept it. GOD's condemnation thus afflicts the disbelievers.
| |
[2:89] In the case of the Jews, they accept previous revelation ("what they have") as they await the coming of the Messiah and his teachings. But since they reject this very revelation contained in the Koran, they lose the blessings to which their heritage as Jews entitles them and suffer the same condemnation as the pagans and gentiles.
|
[2:90] They sold their souls for a small price indeed, rejecting these revelations of GOD out of jealousy that GOD should bless whomever He will from among His servants. As a result, they incurred the most severe punishment, a humiliating retribution.
[2:91] When they are told, "Believe these words of GOD," they say, "We believe only in what we have already received." So, they ignore subsequent revelations, even truth from their Lord, and even though it confirms what they already know! Say, "If you were so devout, why did you kill GOD's prophets?
[2:92] Moses came to you with convincing miracles, yet as soon as he left you alone, you became evil and worshipped the golden calf!
| |
[2:90] One of the reasons for the Jews' rejection of the Koran is that it provides for the salvation of non-Jews. The early Christians had trouble with this idea as well. See {Acts 10:34-35; 11:17-18}
[2:91] Refusing to believe the divine authorship of the revelations of Mohammed and practice his injunctions is simply another example of the Jews historical practice of rejecting the prophets of GOD. This in spite of the fact that nothing in the Koran contradicts what the Jews already believe.
[2:92] Moses, of course, is considered by the Jews the greatest of all prophets "whom the Lord knew face to face" {Deuteronomy 34:10}. Yet many of the Jews didn't even follow Moses' teaching, which Islam considers was corrupted by contemporary Judaism.
|
[2:93] We made a covenant with you, as we raised Mount Sinai above you, saying, "You shall uphold the commandments we have given you, strongly, and listen." they said, "We hear, but we disobey." their hearts became filled with adoration for the calf, because of their disbelief. Say, "Wretched indeed is the little faith you have that causes you to do this!"
[2:94] Say, "If you really believed that the Hereafter is reserved for you and GOD, and not to any others, then you should long for death."
[2:95] But they are afraid of death, because of what their hands have done. GOD knows that they are wicked.
[2:96] The fact is, they cling to life even more than the pagans, even wishing to live a thousand years. But no matter how long they live, they will eventually receive their punishment, for GOD sees everything they do.
| |
[2:93] Possibly a little sarcasm here. The Jews actually said they would obey {Exodus 19:8}, but they didn't do it. They rejected the commandments of the GOD who had brought them out of Egypt, and instead made a god like the ones to which they had been exposed there. Islam considers that they also perverted Mosaic teaching. GOD here scolds them for not having enough faith to do what they agreed to.
[2:94-96] If the Jews really believed that they, and they alone, would achieve Paradise (because they are Jews), they would look forward to death as a way of avoiding the cares of earthly life and being united with GOD. But because many of them know that GOD is aware of their sinfulness, they are afraid to face Him. The remark about the "thousand years" may refer to the wretched man described in {Ecclesiastes 6} to whom all the pleasures of life, (a large family, a long life, an honorable burial, all highly esteemed by the Jews) are given, yet he cannot enjoy them because he chooses these things over GOD. Ecclesiastes says that he would be better off dead.
|
[2:97] Say, "Anyone who challenges Jibreel (Gabriel) should know that it is he who filled your heart with this Koran, as GOD decreed, confirming previous revelation, and bringing new guidance and revelation to those who accept it."
[2:98] Anyone who opposes GOD, and His angels, and His messengers, and Gabriel and Meekaeel (Michael), should know that GOD opposes the disbelievers as well.
| |
[2:97-98] The angel Gabriel is a messenger of good news to both non-Jews {Daniel 8:16; 9:21} and Jews {Luke 1:19, 26} as well as Muslims [3:39, 45], [11:69, 71, 74], [12:96], [16:89], [19:7], [29:31]. Here GOD identifies him as a messenger of the good news of the Koran, which was almost complete at the time of this writing, to Mohammed as well. (Mohammed is believed to have received the Koran from GOD through the Angel Gabriel.) Those who reject the revelation from Gabriel reject GOD, in which case GOD rejects them in like manner.
|
[2:99] Our revelations to you are so clear that only the wicked will reject them.
[2:100] When they make a covenant and pledge to keep it, do not some of them always disregard it? In fact, most of them do not believe.
[2:101] Now, when another Messenger from GOD comes to them, and confirms and ratifies what they have previously believed, some followers of Scripture turn their backs on GOD's Word, as if they had never heard of it.
| |
[2:99-101] In addition to rejecting belief in the Word of GOD, "the wicked" reject their promises to follow it. This is something they have done repeatedly as recorded in their entire history. They similarly reject the divine revelation that Mohammed brings, which is equally clear. In doing so, they are simply repeating the mistakes they made in not following the guidance they had already been given, and that would have kept them out of the trouble they kept getting themselves into. Their doom is in the fact that this revelation is the last they shall receive, and so this is their last chance to take advantage of GOD's attempts to redeem them.
|
|
[2:102] They pursued what the devils taught concerning the kingdom of Sulaiman (Solomon). Solomon believed, but the devils did not. They taught the people sorcery, and that the revelations of two angels of Babel, Haroot and Maroot. About their revelations these two pointed out: "This is a test. You shall not abuse it." But the people used it in such evil practices as divorce. They can never harm anyone unless GOD wills. They thus learn what hurts them, not what benefits them, and they know full well that whoever practices witchcraft will have no share in the Hereafter. Miserable indeed is what they sell their souls for, if they only knew.
| |
[2:102] Solomon is an example of this. He turned to idol worship in his old age, as a result of which GOD became angry with him and divided his kingdom. {1 Kings 11:4 and following} the rest of the passage is unfamiliar. It may refer to the evils that Solomon did by building the temples to the gods Astarte, Milcom, Chemosh, and Moloch, the Ammonite version of Milcom. The moral here is that GOD allows people to learn what actions to avoid in the future. This is a central theme in the Koran, that worldly evil is part of GOD's plan. He tolerates it so that good may come of it. Thus, people will eventually avoid those sins that deprive them of Paradise. The magnitude of that loss is unimaginably tragic...
|
|
[2:103] If they realized that if they have faith and lead a righteous life, the reward from GOD is far better.
| |
[2:103] ...whereas the rewards of faith and virtue are equally unimaginable. Islam requires faith and good works to attain eternal salvation.
|
|
[2:104] You who believe, do not say, "Raa'ena" (be our shepherd). Instead, you should say, "Unzurna" (watch over us), and listen. Those who do not believe will suffer grievously.
| |
[2:104] A remark about piety in prayer. The word "Raa'ena" was abused by some Hebrew-speaking people, and twisted to sound like a dirty word, so they were advised to not use it at all. (See also [4:46].)
|
[2:105] Neither the Jewish nor the pagan unbelievers want to see the believers prosper. GOD, however, blesses whom He chooses.
[2:106] We will replace all forgotten revelations with something better. Don't you know that GOD is All Powerful?*
| |
[2:105-106] Potential Jewish converts were worried that new revelations contained in the Koran might replace their existing Scriptures. Here they are told not to worry about it because truth cannot contradict truth, and their previous Scripture is also truth from GOD.
*"All Powerful" is one of the names of GOD.
|
|
[2:107] Don't you realize that GOD rules the heavens and the earth; that only GOD is your guardian and helper?
| |
[2:107] In any case, they don't have a choice; they must obey GOD because He rules the entire universe and sets the standards by which they are judged.
|
|
[2:108] Would you treat this Messenger the same way you treated Moses in the past? Anyone who chooses disbelief over belief has truly strayed off the right path.
| |
[2:108] Mohammed and his Message are being treated the same way as the Hebrews treated Moses. Those who are persecuting him will suffer the same ultimate fate as those who persecuted Moses.
|
|
[2:109] Many followers of the Scripture would rather see you revert to disbelief, now that you have believed. They are simply jealous, because they know the truth. Forgive them and leave them be, until GOD judges them. GOD is All Powerful.
| |
[2:109] The "followers of the Scripture" are the Jewish teachers who oppose conversion to Islam. The assertion here is that they do so out of evil motives rather than conviction or simple ignorance. The converts here are advised to let GOD take care of them.
|
|
[2:110] You shall observe the Necessary prayers and give the Obligatory charity. Any good you do for your salvation, you will find it at GOD, who sees everything you do.
| |
[2:110] Islam requires the "Necessary prayers" (salat) and "Obligatory charity" (zakat) not previously required of the Jews, but they will also receive a reward from pious Jewish practices as well.
|
[2:111] Some claim, "No one will enter Paradise except Jews or Christians!" That is only their wishful thinking. Say, "Show us your proof, if you are right."
[2:112] Surely, those who submit themselves absolutely to GOD alone, and lead a righteous life, will receive their reward from their Lord; they have nothing to fear, nor will they be sorry.
[2:113] The Jews claim, "The Christians are mistaken," while the Christians claim, "The Jews are mistaken." Yet, both of them read the same Scripture. Their own assertions prove their ignorance. GOD will judge them on the Day of Resurrection, regarding their disagreements.
| |
[2:111-113] The assertion that only Jews or Christians (or other religions) can be saved is demonstrably false, for GOD rewards all devout practices. Here the Koran condemns this idea and challenges the rabbis and priests to show where their own Scripture says that.
The condemnation also extends to the Christians and Jews who read the same Old Testament and come to different conclusions regarding its meaning, especially as regards salvation of those who do not agree with them or follow their teaching. This is one of the arguments for accepting Scripture (the Koran) as the only source of revelation and not having a clergy authorized more than the common man to interpret it. (See [2:62] and [2:256])
|
|
[2:114] Who could possibly be more evil than those who stay away from GOD's mosques, where His name is commemorated, and lead others to do the same? They should be afraid to enter. They will suffer humiliation in this life, and will suffer a terrible retribution in the Hereafter.
| |
[2:114] The condemnation here is of those who would forbid others to pray to the same GOD that Muslims do because of their doctrinal differences. GOD, of course, desires that people get along with each other regardless of the difference in their beliefs, and common prayer to Him is a means to that end.
|
|
[2:115] The east and the west belong to GOD. Wherever you go, GOD is there. GOD is everywhere and knows everything.
| |
[2:115] GOD is not only in the churches or only in the synagogues or only in the mosques; He is everywhere. It is thus appropriate for people to worship together.
|
[2:116] Some claim, "GOD has begotten a son! All glory to him!" Not so! Everything in the heavens and the earth belongs to Him, and all are subservient to Him.
[2:117] For the Creator of the heavens and the earth: to have anything done, He simply says to it: "Be," and it is.
[2:118] The ignorant say, "If only GOD could speak to us, or some miracle could come to us!" Others have said similar things before; their minds are similar. We do manifest the miracles for those who have attained certainty.
[2:119] We have sent you with the truth as a bearer of good news, as well as a warning. You are not answerable for those who incur Hell.
[2:120] Neither the Jews, nor the Christians, will accept you, unless you follow their religion. Say, "GOD's guidance is the true guidance." If you acquiesce to their wishes, despite the knowledge you have received, you will find no ally or supporter to help you against GOD.
[2:121] Those who received the Scripture, and know it as it should be known, will believe in this. As for those who disbelieve, they are doomed.
| |
[2:116] One problem, of course, is the disagreement between Christians and Jews concerning the identity of Jesus. It is asserted here that they can agree to disagree. This doctrinal difference should not be a barrier to common worship of the One, True GOD.
[2:117] "He has only to say: 'Be,' and it is" is a manifestation of the absolute creative power of GOD. The idea here is that whatever GOD has or has not done is simply irrelevant in the argument for (or against) GOD's desire for all people to worship Him.
[2:118] Believers and disbelievers see the same "signs," but reach different conclusions {Matthew 12:38-39; 16:1-4, Mark 8:11-12; Luke 11:16, 29; John 2:18; 4:48; 6:30}.
[2:119] One argument of the unbelievers is that Mohammed has not been sufficiently persuasive, so it is his fault if they do not believe him. That is simply not a valid excuse, since the Message itself is GOD's.
[2:120] Here GOD warns Mohammed not to fall into the trap of political correctness, but to preach GOD's Message as he has received it, favoring neither Christian nor Jew.
[2:121] See {Matthew 11:15; 13:9, 43, Mark 4:9, 23; 7:16, Luke 8:8; 14:35}
|
|
[2:122] O Children of Israel, remember My favor that I bestowed upon you, and that I blessed you more than any other people.
| |
[2:122] A further reminder of GOD's blessings upon the Jews in the past. See also [2:40], {Deuteronomy 14:2, 1 Peter 2:9-10}
|
[2:123] Beware of the day when no soul will help another soul, no ransom will be accepted, no intercession will be useful, and no one will be helped.
[2:124] Recall that Ibrahim (Abraham) was put to the test by his Lord, through certain commands, and he fulfilled them. (GOD) said, "I am appointing you an imam for the people." He said, "And also my descendants?" He said, "My covenant does not include those who do evil."
| |
[2:123] This is a reminder to those who believe in intercessory prayer that they don't have unlimited time to recant. {Luke 12:20}
[2:124] The Old Testament reference, if any, is obscure, however, see {John 8:39-40, Romans 4:2, 13-22 and Galatians 3:6-9}. The reward of Abraham's righteousness was his alone. Those who do evil do not enjoy the favor of being preeminent among the believers, even if they are descendants of Abraham.
|
|
[2:125] We have rendered the Kaaba a focal point for the people, and a safe sanctuary. You may use Abraham's shrine as a prayer house. We commissioned Abraham and Ismail (Ishmael): "You shall purify My house for those who visit, those who live there, and those who bow and prostrate."
| |
[2:125] The Kaaba in Mecca is believed to have been built by Abraham {possibly described in Genesis 12:7?} and his son Ishmael, the Father of Arab people (as Isaac is the Father of the Jews). It is therefore a holy place, and a "safe sanctuary." the concept of sanctuary or place of refuge is mentioned in [5:97], [29:67], and [38:21].
|
[2:126] Abraham prayed: "My Lord, make this a peaceful land, and provide its people with fruits. Provide for those who believe in GOD and the Last Day." (GOD) said, "I will also provide for those who disbelieve. I will let them enjoy, temporarily, then commit them to the retribution of Hell, and a miserable destiny.
[2:127] As Abraham raised the foundations of the Kaaba, together with Ishmael (they prayed): "Our Lord, accept this from us. You are the Hearer, the Omniscient.
[2:128] "Our Lord, make us submitters to You, and from our descendants let there be a community of submitters to You. Teach us the rites of our religion, and redeem us. You are the Redeemer, Most Merciful.
| |
[2:126-129] These conversations are not recorded in the Hebrew Old Testament, but the idea of the unjust being allowed to coexist with the just before their eternal punishment is expressed in {Matthew 13:24-43} these verses (ayat) taken together indicate that Abraham himself practiced a religion that was to be formalized as Islam (Submission) by the revelations of the Prophet Mohammed. Although the Hebrew Scripture does not offer the same evidence, it does demonstrate his attitude of submission to the Will of GOD, which is the essence of Islam. See [4:125], {Genesis 15:6, 9-10; 17:23-27; 21:4, 14; and especially 22:1-10}.
[2:127] "Hearer" and "Omniscient" are names of GOD.
[2:128] "Redeemer" and "Most Merciful" are names of GOD. |
[2:129] "Our Lord, and raise among them a Messenger to recite to them Your revelations, teach them the Scripture and wisdom, and purify them. You are the Almighty, Most Wise."
[2:130] Who would forsake the religion of Abraham, except one who fools his own soul? We have chosen him in this world, and in the Hereafter he will be with the righteous.
[2:131] When his Lord said to him, "Submit," he said, "I submit to the Lord of the universe."
[2:132] Moreover, Abraham exhorted his children to do the same, and so did Yaqoub (Jacob): "O my children, GOD has pointed out the religion for you; do not die except as submitters to GOD's will."
| |
[2:129] "Almighty" and "Most Wise" are names of GOD.
[2:130] Abraham is the Father of the Arabs (through Ishmael) and the Jews (through Isaac). The "religion of Abraham" is therefore not only submission to GOD, but also a familial bond between Jews and Arabs that is "counted unto him for righteousness" {Genesis 15:6; Romans 4:3; Galatians 3:6} the Koran asserts repeatedly that Islam is the religion of Abraham. See [3:95], [4:125], [6:161] and [22:78].
[2:131] See {Genesis 22:18}. This is not only an act of faith on Abraham's part, but also an acknowledgment of the absolute majesty of GOD. Abraham is therefore not only the most righteous, he is also shows his understanding of the nature of GOD.
[2:132] This quotation is not attributable to any one found in the Bible.
|
|
[2:133] Were you present when Jacob, as he was dying, said to his children, "What will you worship after I die?" they said, "We will worship your GOD; the GOD of your fathers Abraham, Ishmael, and Isaac; the One GOD. To Him only do we submit."
| |
[2:133] Another exhortation to the Jews to embrace Islam. Jacob, the Father of the Jews, extracts the promise of his sons (the Patriarchs) to worship the same GOD as Abraham, Ishmael, and Jacob's own father, Isaac.
|
|
[2:134] Such is a community from the past. They are responsible for what they earned, and you are responsible for what you earned. You are not answerable for anything they have done.
| |
[2:134] The Jews must themselves embrace Islam; the merits of Abraham are not imparted to the Jews merely because they are Abraham's descendants. See {Matthew 3:9; Luke 3:8; John 8:39; Romans 4:16} See also [2:141].
|
[2:135] They said, "You have to be Jewish or Christian, to be saved." Say, "We follow Abraham's religion, that of belief in the One True GOD, not in idols.
[2:136] Say, "We believe in GOD, and in what was sent down to us, and in what was sent down to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, and the Patriarchs; and in what was given to Moses and Jesus, and all the prophets from their Lord. We make no distinction among any of them. We submit to Him alone.
[2:137] If they believe in GOD as you do, then they are on the right path. But if they turn away, then they are opposing GOD Himself. GOD will defend you against them. He is the Hearer, the Omniscient.
[2:138] Ours is GOD's religion, and who is better than GOD at establishing religion. He is the Only one we worship.
[2:139] Say, "Would you bicker with us about GOD, when He is the Lord of us both? Each of us is responsible for his own actions. All of us are devoted to the same GOD.
| |
[2:135] The assertion here seems to be that whether one is a Christian or a Jew is of little importance compared to whether one believes in GOD (as Abraham did) or not.
[2:136] The One True GOD of Abraham is revealed throughout the ages in Scripture. True believers will accept this truth without concern for religious differences. This is a direct refutation of the belief that Muslims worship a different GOD than Christians and Jews do.
[2:137] The Jews and the Christians, are on the "right path" to salvation, since they believe in the One, True, GOD. Polytheists oppose GOD, who will protect His own against them.
[2:138] Submission to the Will of GOD transcends all religious differences, and is a necessary result of knowing who He is and believing in Him.
[2:139] It does not make sense to quarrel about religious differences among people who worship the One True GOD. This is a direct repudiation of the idea that Muslims, Jews and Christians cannot get along with each other.
|
|
[2:140] Do you claim that Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, and the Patriarchs were Jews or Christians? Say, "Are you smarter than GOD? Who could be more evil that one who refuses to acknowledge what GOD himself has revealed? GOD knows everything that you do."
| |
[2:140] The point here is that the Patriarchs themselves did not identify with a particular religion, but worshipped GOD in the simplicity of their absolute belief in His unique nature, power and majesty. The fact that they are the Fathers in faith of us all suggests that we (all) should do likewise.
|
|
[2:141] That was a community from the past. They are responsible for what they did, and you are responsible for what you do. You are not answerable for anything they did.
| |
[2:141] A reiteration of the assertion in [2:124] that the Jews (and, indeed, all others) cannot rely for justification on what their ancestors did or were promised. Each person is answerable for himself.
|
[2:142] The foolish people would say, "Why did they change the direction of their Qiblah?" Say, "GOD owns the east and the west; He guides whoever wills in a straight path."
[2:143] We thus made you an impartial society, that you may be witnesses among the people, just as the Messenger is a witness among you. We changed the direction of your original Qiblah only to distinguish those among you who readily follow the Messenger from those who would turn back on their heels. It was a difficult test, but not for those who are guided by GOD, who never puts your worship to waste. GOD is Compassionate towards the people, Most Merciful.
[2:144] We have seen you turning your face toward heaven. We now assign a Qiblah that is an inspiration to you. From now on, you shall pray towards the Sacred Mosque. Wherever you may be, all of you shall turn your faces towards it. Those who received the previous Scripture know that this is the truth from their Lord. GOD is never unaware of anything they do.
[2:145] Even if you show the followers of the Scripture every kind of miracle, they will not follow your Qiblah. Nor shall you follow their Qiblah. They do not even follow each others' Qiblah. If you conform to their wishes, after the knowledge that has come to you, you will be a sinner like them.
| |
[2:142-144] "Qiblah" is the direction toward which a Muslim prays, and toward which they face when they are buried. Mosques and Muslim cemeteries, and many public buildings, have a plaque or other indication on them what indicates this direction. Muslims invented astronomy to determine the precise dates of holy days and the exact direction of the Qiblah. Originally, the Qiblah was toward Bayt Al-Maqdis (Jerusalem, the First of the Two Qiblas). According to accounts from the prophet Mohammed's companions, during noon prayer one day in Medina, in a mosque known today as Masjid Al-Qiblatain (Mosque of the Two Qiblas), Mohammed was leading the prayer when he received a revelation from GOD instructing him to "turn your face towards the Masjid al Haram" (the Kaaba in Mecca, which was still controlled by Mohammed's enemies, the Quraish). Mohammed, who had been facing Jerusalem, immediately turned around to face Mecca, about 170 degrees, and those praying behind him also did so. The direction of the Qiblah thus identified the true believers from the Jews who still considered Jerusalem to be the preeminent home of GOD.
The eating of pork was a similar test of fidelity for Jewish converts to Christianity during the Inquisition.
[2:145] Some of the Jewish converts objected to the change in Qiblah. They are answered here that the change in direction is from GOD, and any attempt to compromise on this issue is itself an evil act.
|
|
[2:146] Those who received the Scripture recognize the truth of this just as much as they recognize their own children. Yet, some of them intentionally conceal it.
| |
[2:146] The devout Jewish converts to Islam recognized the necessity of declaring their new faith by this liturgical change, and accepted it. The hypocrites objected to it.
|
|
[2:147] This is the truth from your Lord; do not have the slightest doubt.
| |
[2:147] Here they are exhorted not to have any doubts about the necessity of this practice.
|
|
[2:148] Each of you has the choice of which direction to follow. Hasten therefore towards righteousness. Wherever you may be, GOD will summon you all. GOD is Omnipotent.
| |
[2:148] The dedication to their new faith expressed by following the new Qiblah is an analog of the more fundamental dedication involved in doing good for the sake of GOD...
|
[2:149] Wherever you go, you shall turn your face in prayer towards the Sacred Mosque. This is the truth from your Lord. GOD is never unaware of anything you all do.
[2:150] Wherever you go, you shall turn your face in prayer towards the Sacred Mosque; wherever you might be, you shall turn your faces in prayer towards it. Thus, the people will have no argument against you, except the sinners among them. Do not fear them, and fear Me instead. I will then perfect My blessings upon you, and guide you...
| |
[2:149] ...and therefore is a sign of one's submission to GOD and acceptance of His Message and Messenger (Mohammed).
[2:150] Praying toward Mecca is here commanded of all Muslims by GOD Himself, and is the mark of a true Muslim even today. Determining the exact direction from where one will be is part of trip planning for all devout Muslims. Muslim astronauts are provided with computer programs that show where Mecca is and how to orient oneself to point that way, as well as what shipboard "time" is appropriate for prayers.
|
|
[2:151] ...blessings such having sent a Messenger from among you to reveal our revelations to you, purify you, teach you the Scripture and wisdom, and to teach you new things.
| |
[2:151] Those faithful to Islam (by observing the requirement to pray toward Mecca) can expect to continue to receive GOD's special blessings that include the new things that Mohammed will teach them.
|
|
[2:152] You shall remember Me, that I may remember you, and be thankful and grateful to Me.
| |
[2:152] The Qiblah is a way of remembering Islam's special relationship with GOD. See {Isaiah 49:15}
|
[2:153] O you who believe, seek help through steadfastness and the Necessary prayers. GOD is with those who steadfastly persevere.
[2:154] Do not speak of those who die in the service of GOD as if they were dead. They are alive, but you do not recognize it.
| |
[2:153] This is an exhortation to pray always. See {Luke 21:36, 2 thessalonians 1:11}.
[2:154] This is an idea much like that in {John 3:15; 5:39; 6:54, 68; 10:28; 11:25-26; 17:2; Acts 13:48; Romans 2:7; 5:21; 6:23; 1 Timothy 6:12, 19; Titus 1:2; 3:7; 1 John 1:2; 2:25; 3:15; 5:11, 13, 20, and Jude 1:21}.
|
[2:155] We will surely test you through some fear, hunger, and loss of money, lives, and crops. Give good news to the steadfast.
[2:156] When misfortune befalls them, they say, "We belong to GOD, and to Him we are returning."
[2:157] These have deserved blessings from their Lord and mercy. These are on the "Right Path."
[2:158] Travel between Safa and Marwah are among the rites decreed by GOD. Anyone who observes hajj or umrah does well to travel between them. If one volunteers even more righteous works, GOD is Appreciative, Omniscient.*
| |
[2:155] The same warning and promise is made in {Matthew 24:6-13; Mark 13:7-13; and Luke 21:9-13}.
[2:156] See also {2 Corinthians 1:9}
[2:157] See also {Matthew 5:10-13}
[2:158] Al-Safa and Al-Marwah are two small hills now
located in the Masjid al Haram, the site of the sacred Kaaba, in Mecca. Travel back and forth seven times between them is one of the rituals of the ritual pilgrimages of hajj and umrah
*"Appreciative" and "Omniscient" are among the names of GOD.
|
|
According to Islamic tradition, Ibrahim (Abraham) was commanded by GOD to leave Hajarah (Hagar), the mother of his eldest son Ishmael, in the desert along with her infant son and some provisions as a test of Abraham's faith. When the provisions were exhausted, Hagar searched for water. Due to the blistering heat, mirages of water began to appear near the two hills where they were. Because of the mirages, Hagar believed that she had found two oases, and ran back and forth between the hills, thinking that there would be some fruit trees or other nourishment there. After her apparently fruitless search, she returned to Ishmael and found that a spring had sprouted forth from the crying baby's feet. Muslims believe that GOD provided her with the miraculous surge of water from the well, known as Zamzam. One of the rituals of the hajj commemorates this event.
|
|
[2:159] Surely GOD, as well as the accursed, will condemn those who conceal our revelations and guidance, after GOD Himself has proclaimed them for the people in His Scripture.
| |
[2:159] Those hypocrites who distort the revelations of Scripture will be cursed even by the accursed themselves. Jesus didn't like them either. See {Matthew 23:13-36, Luke 11:44-52}
|
[2:160] As for those who repent, reform, and proclaim, I redeem them. I am the *Redeemer, Most Merciful.
[2:161] Those who die refusing to believe, have incurred the condemnation of GOD, the angels, and all mankind.
[2:162] They will abide eternally in Hell, where their punishment will never cease and they will never be reprieved.
| |
[2:160] This idea is also contained in {Matthew 9:12-13}
*"Redeemer" and "Most Merciful" are names of GOD.
[2:161] This is a discourse on the direct relationship between man and GOD. Islam rejects the (Christian) idea of a personal savior or (that of both Christians and Jews) an ordained clergy.
[2:162] Punishment for substituting human teachers for GOD is the same as for idol worship. See [4:51].
|
|
[2:163] There is only One GOD, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
| |
[2:163] The primacy of the One, true GOD does not admit of any mediator (i.e. Jesus) of His blessings.
|
|
[2:164] Certainly the creation of the heavens and the earth, the cycle of night and day, the ships that roam the ocean for the benefit of the people, the rain that GOD sends down from the sky to revive dead land and to spread in it all kinds of creatures, the manipulation of the winds, and the clouds that are placed between the sky and the earth are sufficient proofs for people who understand.
| |
[2:164] Islam teaches that GOD directly cares for man through His creation of the universe and all its attributes, thus providing for the physical, psychological and commercial needs of man. It is obvious from the nature of the world that GOD deals directly with His creatures, thus removing the need (or possibility) of any intermediary, such as a personal savior or a sacramental priesthood.
|
|
[2:165] Yet, some people set up idols to rival GOD, and worship them as if they are GOD. Those who believe love GOD the most. If only the transgressors could see themselves when they see the retribution! they will realize then that all power belongs to GOD alone, and that GOD's retribution is awesome.
| |
[2:165] This passage is seen by Muslims as a repudiation of Christianity and the worship of Jesus. the objection does not apply, of course, if Jesus is GOD (which Muslims reject). This is, of course, the fundamental disagreement between Muslims and Christians, but it does not arise from what this ayat says.
|
|
[2:166] Those who were followed will disown those who followed them. They will see the retribution, and all ties among them will be severed.
| |
[2:166] Anyone who worships people (Son Myung Moon, Marharashi Rashneesh, Jim Jones, etc.) will ultimately be rejected by them in the final judgment.
|
|
[2:167] Those who followed will say, "If we could have another chance, we would disown them, as they have disowned us now." GOD thus shows them the consequences of their works as nothing but remorse; they will never exit Hell.
| |
[2:167] Their worshippers, in turn, will regret being led astray, and the choice they made in allowing themselves to be deceived, but it will be too late. They will have made themselves deserving of everlasting punishment by essentially worshipping idols.
|
|
[2:168] O people, eat from the earth's products all that is lawful and good, and do not follow the steps of Satan; he is your most ardent enemy.
| |
[2:168] An exhortation to avoid prohibited foods, more relaxed than the prohibitions of Judaism. See {Leviticus 11:2-43}
|
|
[2:169] He only commands you to commit evil and vice, and to say about GOD what you do not know.
| |
[2:169] The temptation to eat forbidden foods comes from the devil. See [16:86], [35:14], [46:6].
|
|
[2:170] When they are told to follow what GOD has finally revealed, the foolish say, "We will follow the example of our ancestors." Why? Their ancestors did not have the guidance they have been given.
| |
[2:170] The dietary restrictions of Islam ([2:173]) are somewhat more relaxed than those observed by the Jews. The exhortation here is the follow the new rules rather than the old because GOD has changed the rules.
|
|
[2:171] The example of such disbelievers is that of parrots who repeat what they hear of sounds and calls, without understanding. Deaf, dumb, and blind; they cannot understand.
| |
[2:171] This is, of course, a rebuke of those who would blindly follow the old dietary restrictions (possibly otherwise devout Jewish converts to Islam) in preference to the new ones imposed by GOD.
|
|
[2:172] O you who believe, eat from the good things we provided for you, and be thankful to GOD, if you do worship Him alone.
| |
[2:172] Everything created by GOD is good, and the new relaxed restrictions are to be seen as a dispensation, a blessing from GOD.
|
|
[2:173] He only prohibits for you the eating of animals that die of themselves (without human interference), blood, the meat of pigs, and animals dedicated to other than GOD. If one is forced (to eat these), without being malicious or deliberate, he incurs no sin. GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful.
| |
[2:173] There are only four restrictions on meat products: (1) death from natural causes, (2) blood, (3) pork, and (4) animals sacrificed to idols. However, if one unknowingly violates these, he is not guilty. See {Luke 10:8, Acts 10:9-15; 15:20, 1 Corinthians 8:3-13; 10:27-29} and [3:94].
|
|
[2:174] Those who conceal GOD's revelations in the Scripture, in exchange for a cheap material gain, eat but fire into their bellies. GOD will not speak to them on the Day of Resurrection, nor will He purify them. They will suffer grievously.
| |
[2:174] With more kinds of food available to the Jewish converts, grocery prices probably fell, and there may have been grocers who sought to conceal the new rules. However, this rebuke is probably for those who withhold any of the new revelation.
|
|
[2:175] It is they who chose to stray instead of being guided, and retribution instead of forgiveness. Because of this, they will burn in Hell.
| |
[2:175] Corrupting the revelation of GOD for personal gain is a very serious sin, deserving of the most serious everlasting punishment.
|
|
[2:176] This is because GOD has revealed the truth of His revelation in his Book. Those who dispute the Scripture are in direct opposition to Him.
| |
[2:176] The truth of GOD is what is written, and any corruption of the written word is heresy. (This is why Arabic is the only canonical language of the Koran.)
|
|
[2:177] Righteousness is not turning your faces towards the east or the west. Righteousness is believing in GOD, the Last Day, the angels, the Scripture, and the prophets; and the giving of money, cheerfully, to one's relatives, the orphans, the needy, the traveling alien, and the beggars. It includes freeing the slaves; and observing the Necessary prayers the obligatory charity (zakat); and keeping your word whenever you make a promise. It includes steadfastly persevering in the face of persecution, hardship, and war. Those who do these things are people of truth; the righteous.
| |
[2:177] This is a philosophy shared by Christians as well. See {Matthew 5:44; 6:1-8; 22:39, Mark 12:31, Luke 10:27-37, Romans 13:9, Galatians 5:14, James 1:27, 2:8}. In addition, faith, prayer and charitable works are three of the five "pillars" of Islam. See also [2:277] and [3:92].
Of particular interest is the mention, almost in passing, of "freeing (all of) the slaves," a charitable work that the Bible ignores. Freeing a believing slave is the appropriate penance for negligently killing a believer ([4:92]); freeing any slave is the penance for violating an oath ([5:89]) See also the footnote after [4:3].
|
[2:178] O you who believe, equivalence is the law decreed for you when dealing with murder - the free for the free, the slave for the slave, the female for the female. If one is pardoned by the victim's kin, an appreciative response is in order, and an equitable compensation shall be paid. This is an alleviation from your Lord and mercy. Anyone who transgresses beyond this incurs a painful retribution.
[2:179] Equality is a life saving law for you, who understand, that you may be righteous.
[2:180] It is decreed that when death approaches, you shall write a will for the benefit of the parents and relatives, equitably. This is a duty upon the righteous.
[2:181] If anyone alters a will he had heard, the sin of altering befalls those responsible for such altering. GOD is Hearer, Knower.
| |
[2:178] This is somewhat like the lex talonis in {Exodus 21:24-27 and Leviticus 24:20-22, Deuteronomy 19:21}, but it also contains a sentiment similar to {Matthew 5:39-44}. The maximum penalty is dictated by justice. A man cannot be put to death for killing a woman, or vice versa. The idea here is that while one is not permitted to extract more punishment than the crime merits, he is encouraged to be merciful and forgiving and seek a more compassionate penalty.
[2:179] Righteousness involves dealing fairly even with those by whom one has been wronged.
[2:180] Providing for disposition of one's assets upon his death is a religious, as well as a commercial, obligation...
[2:181] ...and altering a will is therefore a sin. This was especially important where wills were frequently confided orally to others by people who were often illiterate.
|
|
[2:182] If one sees gross injustice or bias on the part of a testator, and takes corrective action to restore justice to the will, he commits no sin. GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful.
| |
[2:182] Normally, contradicting a formal testimony would be considered rude and possibly sinful, but not for the purpose of redressing an injustice, especially to the deceased, who cannot defend himself.
|
|
[2:183] O you who believe, you are required to fast, as it was required for those before you, that you may attain salvation.
| |
[2:183] Fasting is one of the five "pillars" of Islam. Muslims are not permitted to eat or drink anything during the daytime of Ramadan.
|
|
[2:184] There are specific days designated for fasting. If a person is ill or traveling, an equal number of other days may be substituted. Those who can fast, but with great difficulty, may substitute feeding one poor person for each day of breaking the fast. If one volunteers (more righteous works), it is better. But fasting is the best for you, if you only knew.
| |
[2:184] Fasting as a religious ritual is supposed to be a communal as well as a personal activity, and therefore there are specific days designated for it. One excused for a legitimate reason is enjoined to substitute other meritorious works. On the other hand, this substitution does not relieve an individual from the obligation to perform other good works as well.
|
[2:185] Ramadan is the month during which the Quran was revealed, providing guidance for the people, clear revelations, and the statute book. Those of you who witness this month shall fast therein. Those who are ill or traveling may substitute the same number of other days. GOD wishes for you convenience, not hardship, that you may fulfill your obligations, and to glorify GOD for guiding you, and to express your appreciation.
[2:186] When My servants ask about Me, I am always near. I answer their prayers when they pray to Me. The people shall respond to Me and believe in Me, in order walk in the right path.
[2:187] You may have sexual intercourse with your wives during the nights of fasting. They are like your clothing, and you are like theirs. GOD knew that you used to do this anyway, so He has showed mercy toward you. That is why He has permitted this for you. You may eat and drink until it is *light enough to distinguish a white thread from a dark one. Then, you shall fast until the night comes again. You may not have sex if you decide to retreat to the mosque (during the last ten days of Ramadan). These are GOD's laws; you shall not transgress them. GOD thus clarifies His revelations for the people, that they may attain salvation.
[2:188] You shall not cheat each other out of your money, nor bribe public officials to deprive others of their rights.
[2:189] They ask you about the phases of the moon! Say, "They provide a timing device for the people, and determine the time of hajj." It is not righteous to beat around the bush; *righteousness is attained by upholding the commandments and by being straightforward. You shall observe GOD, that you may succeed.
[2:190] Fight in the service of GOD against those who attack you, but do not be the attacker. GOD does not love aggressors. | |
[2:185] All are enjoined to participate in the formal, communal period of fasting of Ramadan if they are able, since this practice commemorates events of their faith and strengthens the faith of the community. If they are unable, they are required to fast for another equivalent period of time. The purpose of this observance is not to impose a hardship, but to provide an opportunity to grow in knowledge, self control and holiness. It corresponds roughly to Christian lent and the Aseret Yemei Teshuva in Judaism.
[2:186] GOD is near to those who call upon Him. See {Matthew 18:20}. They point here is that by praying and observing the rules that follow, one is drawn closer to GOD.
[2:187] "Forty days and nights" is an impossibly long time in Scripture. The Flood was caused by forty days and nights of rain {Genesis 7:4, 12, 17} and receded for a like time. {Genesis 8:6} Joseph mourned his father for forty days {Genesis 50:3} Moses {Exodus 24:18, 34:28, Deuteronomy 9:9, 11, 18, 25, 10:10} and Jesus {Matthew 4:2, Mark 1:13, Luke 4:2} fasted for this time. The reconnaissance of Canaan {Numbers 13:25; 14:34}, Elijah's trip to Horeb {1 Kings 19:8} and the redemption of Nineveh {Jonah 3:4-10} took this long. It took this long for Jesus to prove he was alive {Acts 1:3}. GOD's permission here makes "forty days of fasting" tolerable.
*Note the precise method of telling night from day.
[2:188] This expresses the sentiment contained also in {Leviticus 19:11, 13}
[2:189] See [36:39]. *The literal Quranic idiom says: "Do not enter the homes through the back doors." the question about the phases of the moon is an example of beating around the bush; there were bad ulterior motives behind this question.
[2:190] The Koran specifically forbids attacking anyone for any reason. This is why the extremists maintain that acts like 9/11/01 are "defenses" of Islamic values. See [60:8-9].
|
|
[2:191] You may kill those who war against you, and you may evict those who drove you out. Oppression is worse than murder. Do not fight them at the Sacred Mosque, unless they attack you there. If they do, you may kill them there. This is the just retribution for the unfaithful.
| |
[2:191] The prohibition against aggression does not restrict legitimate defense, even in places of sanctuary that would normally be off limits to any kind of discord. This ayat is sometimes quoted as proof that Muslims will fight anywhere, but that is opposite to what the context says.
|
|
[2:192] If they refrain, then GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful.
| |
[2:192] Even unjust aggressors must be allowed to surrender.
|
|
[2:193] You may go to war against them to eliminate religious oppression, but stop when they cease their persecution. You shall have no hostility except against those who practice oppression.
| |
[2:193] War may be declared for a just purpose, but must stop when that purpose is accomplished. This specifically prohibits any kind of revenge against former aggressors of former enemies of any kind.
|
|
[2:194] During the Sacred Months, aggression may be met by an equivalent response. If they attack you, you may retaliate by inflicting an equitable retribution. You shall observe GOD and know that GOD is with the righteous.
| |
[2:194] Although strategic offense is never permitted, offensive tactics are recognized as legitimate military activities except during Ramadan. Muslim forces opposing other Muslims are supposed to observe a truce during this time.
|
|
[2:195] You shall spend in the cause of GOD; do not destroy yourselves by your own hands. You shall be charitable, for GOD loves a cheerful giver.
| |
[2:195] The injunction here is to spend wisely, including being charitable. {Matthew 5:42, 10:8; 19:21, Mark 10:21, Luke 6:30, 38, also 2 Corinthians 9:7}
|
|
[2:196] You shall observe the complete rites of hajj and umrah for GOD. If you are prevented, you shall send an offering, and do not resume cutting your hair until your offering has reached its destination. If you are ill, or must cut your hair because of a head injury, you shall compensate by fasting, or giving to charity, or some other form of worship. During the normal hajj, if you break the state of Ihram between umrah and hajj, you shall expiate by offering an animal sacrifice. If you cannot afford it, you shall fast three days during hajj and seven when you return home - this completes ten - provided you do not live at the Sacred Mosque. You shall observe GOD, and know that GOD is strict in enforcing retribution.
| |
[2:196] The hajj is the fifth "pillar of Islam," the formal pilgrimage to Mecca required of each Muslim, man or woman, during his or her lifetime "if he is able." the umrah is a less formal visit. Of course, the requirements for beginning and ending the journey are necessarily modified for people who already live in Mecca, or are there for other purposes, such as business or tourism before or after the hajj. Inability to observe part of the ritual does not dispense one wholly from the obligation to participate to the degree that he or she is able. The pilgrim is required to perform other equivalent pious works, and observing what equivalent rituals may be appropriate. Cutting of one's hair or nails or sexual intercourse is prohibited during the "state of Ihram."
|
|
[2:197] hajj shall be observed in the specified months. Whoever sets out to observe hajj shall refrain from sexual intercourse, misconduct, and arguments throughout hajj. Whatever good you do, GOD is fully aware thereof. As you prepare your provisions for the journey, the best provision is righteousness. You shall observe Me, O you who possess intelligence.
| |
[2:197] The hajj begins on the 7th and ends on the 10th of certain months in the Muslim calendar. (see [9:37]) Bathing, cleanliness of all kinds and avoidance of any kind of discord are encouraged as ways of making oneself more pleasing to GOD during this holy time. Part of the ritual is to make proper preparations to support oneself and one's dependents during the journey, so that no one has to face any unnecessary hardship.
|
|
[2:198] You commit no error by buying what provisions you need. When you stop at Arafat, you shall commemorate GOD at the Sacred Location. You shall commemorate Him for guiding you when you strayed from the right path.
| |
[2:198] Making preparations does not necessarily require taking everything one will need if he can buy it along the way. Part of the hajj requires listening to a sermon and spending the night at Muzdalifah on Mount Arafat.
|
|
[2:199] You shall file together, with the rest of the people who file, and ask GOD for forgiveness. GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful.
| |
[2:199] The pilgrim is also required to join his fellows in walking around the Kaaba at the Sacred Mosque, the Masjid Al-Haram, seven times and praying for forgiveness for his past transgressions.
|
|
[2:200] Once you complete your rites, you shall continue to commemorate GOD as you commemorate your own fathers, or even better. Some people would say, "Our Lord, give us of this world," while having no share in the Hereafter.
| |
[2:200] The completion of the hajj is a spiritual renewal that brings one closer to GOD and makes him less concerned with worldly affairs. Reference to "fathers" is probably intended for orthodox Jews.
|
|
[2:201] Others would say, "Our Lord, grant us righteousness in this world, and righteousness in the Hereafter, and spare us the retribution of Hell."
| |
[2:201] They are mistaken, therefore, who see completion of the hajj merely as "fire insurance" and do not use the experience to reform their lives.
|
|
[2:202] Each of these will receive the share they have earned. GOD is most efficient in reckoning.
| |
[2:202] GOD, of course, knows each person's secret purpose and will reward (or punish) him accordingly.
|
|
[2:203] You shall commemorate GOD for the prescribed number of days. Whoever hastens to do this in two days commits no sin, and whoever stays longer commits no sin, so long as righteousness is maintained. You shall observe GOD, and know that before Him you will be gathered.
| |
[2:203] Things get rather disorganized in any gathering as large and dense as the hajj, and some (especially the elderly and infirm) are not able to complete all the requirements in the time allotted (if at all). They are here enjoined to do what they can, and not worry if it takes longer than usual.
|
|
[2:204] Among the people, one may impress you with his utterances concerning this life, and may even call upon GOD to witness his innermost thoughts, while he is a most ardent opponent.
| |
[2:204] The hajj provides a fertile opportunity for the tellers of tall tales ("as GOD is my witness") to their less sophisticated brothers. The injunction here is to be wary of these people...
|
|
[2:205] As soon as he leaves, he roams the earth corruptingly, destroying properties and lives. GOD does not love corruption.
| |
[2:205] ...especially if they are the cause of disharmony or civil unrest, which could possibly erupt in social strife, religious dissension, or political discord.
|
|
[2:206] When he is told, "Observe GOD," he becomes arrogantly indignant. Consequently, his only destiny is Hell; what a miserable abode.
| |
[2:206] These people pervert the purpose of the hajj and therefore deserve the retribution to those who profane what is holy. See {1 Timothy 4:7}
|
[2:207] Then there are those who dedicate their lives to serving GOD; GOD is compassionate towards such worshippers.
[2:208] O you who believe, submit totally to GOD. Do not be misled by Satan, for he is your most ardent enemy.
| |
[2:207] Islam encourages what Christians would call monasticism as holy and pleasing to GOD.
[2:208] The true believer embraces the totality of what GOD has revealed, and does not allow himself to be misled by worldly concerns. See {1 Peter 5:8}
|
|
[2:209] If you backslide, after the clear proofs have come to you, then know that GOD is Almighty, Most Wise.
| |
[2:209] If one commits a sin, he can still be reconciled, because GOD, the Forgiver, Most Merciful knows the true extent of his devotion.
|
|
[2:210] Are they waiting until GOD Himself comes to them in dense clouds, together with the angels? When this happens, the whole matter will be terminated, and to GOD everything will be returned.
| |
[2:210] The purpose of life is for human beings to know and serve GOD by submitting to His will. If one waits for Him to show up with His angels, it will be too late; his fate will already be decided. See {Matthew 25:31-46}
|
[2:211] Ask the Children of Israel how many profound miracles have we shown them! For those who disregard the blessings bestowed upon them by GOD, GOD is most strict in retribution.
[2:212] This worldly life is adorned in the eyes of those who do not believe, and they ridicule those who do. However, the righteous will be far above them on the *Day of Resurrection. GOD blesses whomever He wills, without limits. | |
[2:211] Actually, even the display of miracles will not convince some people to obey GOD's commands, as the Children of Israel demonstrated in the past.
[2:212] The believers will be finally vindicated against their detractors, for GOD's limitless blessings do not depend on one's popularity or worth in the eyes of others. *The Day of Resurrection is mentioned 85 times in the Koran. It is the day when all will come before GOD to be judged individually and to be rewarded or punished for their past lives.
|
[2:213] The people used to be one community when GOD sent the prophets as bearers of good news, as well as warners. He sent down with them the Scripture, bearing the truth, to judge among the people in their disputes. Ironically, those who received the Scripture were the ones who rejected any new Scripture, despite clear proofs given to them. This is due to jealousy on their part. GOD guides those who believe to the truth that is disputed by all others, in accordance with His will. GOD guides whoever wills in a straight path.
[2:214] Do you expect to enter Paradise without being tested like those before you? They were tested with hardship and adversity, and were shaken up, until the Messenger and those who believed with him said, "Where is GOD's victory?" GOD's victory is near.
| |
[2:213] All humanity consists of a single race, to all of whom GOD has sent the Prophets and proclaimers of His word throughout history. Mankind, however, has separated itself into religious factions that have the effect of creating jealousy, discord and hard feeling instead of unity and peace as GOD intended. Christians and Jews are here singled out as being guilty of this. The Koran is GOD's final attempt to reconcile all human beings to Himself, so that they will all achieve salvation. See {Matthew 25:32, John 1:7, 10:16, Acts 17:30-31}
[2:214] All life is a test of submission to the will of GOD by accepting adversity. Previous believers knew this and accepted hardships and difficulties as a means of achieving salvation. The greatest adversity will come before the final days. See {Matthew 24:6-22, Mark 13:7-20, Luke 21:9-26}
|
|
[2:215] They ask you about giving: say, "The charity you give shall go to the parents, the relatives, the orphans, the poor, and the traveling alien." Any good you do, GOD is fully aware thereof.
| |
[2:215] Charity should be shown to those in need of it, from one's immediate family to the itinerant foreigner. GOD loves any charity. See [2:261]. {Matthew 10:42; 19:21, Mark 9:41, 10:21, Luke 6:38, 12:33}
|
|
[2:216] Strife may be imposed on you, even though you dislike it. But you may dislike something that is good for you, and you may like something that is bad for you. GOD knows things that you do not.
| |
[2:216] The word translated as "strife" has many similar meanings. The idea is that life involves a holy war (jihad) against evil that only GOD fully understands. See {Matthew 10:34-35 and Luke 12:49-53}.
|
[2:217] They ask you about the Sacred Months and fighting therein: say, "Fighting therein is a sacrilege. However, repelling from the path of GOD and disbelieving in Him and in the sanctity of the Sacred Mosque, and evicting its people, are greater sacrileges in the sight of GOD. Oppression is worse than murder." they will always fight you to revert you from your religion, if they can. Those among you who revert from their religion, and die as disbelievers, have nullified their works in this life and the Hereafter. These are the dwellers of Hell, in which they shall abide forever.
[2:218] Those who believe, and those who leave their homes and strive in the cause of GOD, have deserved GOD's mercy. GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful.
| |
[2:217] One of the evils to be overcome was a favorite trick in tribal conflicts against early Muslims of attacking them while they were praying, or in a place of sanctuary, thus supposedly forcing them to choose between victory and piety. Here GOD tells Mohammed that such a choice is not necessary. Defeat of the infidels in such cases is a defense of Islam, and is therefore not only permitted but encouraged. This passage is often quoted by Islamic extremists as justifying terrorist acts against those of differing religious convictions, but that is not what this ayat says, or, in fact, allows at all.
[2:218] Leaving one's home and civic and family responsibilities is permitted for the purpose of a fighting oppressors. (Jewish bridegrooms were draft exempt for one year {Deuteronomy 24:5})
|
|
[2:219] They ask you about intoxicants and gambling: say, "In them there is a gross sin, and some benefits for the people. But their sinfulness far outweighs their benefit." they also ask you what to give to charity: say, "the excess." GOD thus clarifies the revelations for you, that you may reflect....
| |
[2:219] Wine in the ancient world was a natural means of obtaining the nourishment and hydration where the purity of water supplies was questionable to begin with and impossible to maintain. Here GOD tells Mohammed that the harm from boozing and gambling far outweighs the benefits. See {Ephesians 5:17-18} and also [5:90-91].
|
|
[2:220] ...upon this life and the Hereafter. And they ask you about the orphans: say, "Bringing them up as righteous persons is the best you can do for them. If you mix their property with yours, you shall treat them as family members." GOD knows the righteous and the wicked. Had GOD willed, He could have imposed harsher rules upon you. GOD is Almighty, Most Wise.
| |
[2:220] Converts to Islam bombarded Mohammed with questions regarding religious practices. Here GOD says that excess wealth should be given to charity, and that orphans should be cared for as one's own family. If the orphans have property, the foster parents may take it as the price of raising them, as GOD realizes that extra mouths to feed would impose a hardship to the foster family otherwise. See also ayat [4:2].
|
|
[2:221] Do not marry idol worshippers unless they believe; a believing woman is better than an idolatress, even if you find her attractive. Nor shall you give your daughters in marriage to idolatrous men, unless they believe. A believing man is better than an idolater, even if you like him. These invite [their spouses] to Hell, while GOD invites [them] to Paradise and forgiveness, as He wills. He thus clarifies His revelations for the people, so that they may understand.
| |
[2:221] Marriage between believers and idol worshippers is forbidden, even if they are otherwise attractive, although either the prospective bride or groom may convert to Islam for the sake of marrying a Muslim. Some translations add the sense that it is better to be a believing slave than an idolatrous free person. The reason, of course is that an unbelieving spouse can be a serious temptation against faith. This problem is also addressed in {Leviticus 21:14, 1 Corinthians 7:12-16, 34, 39, 2 Corinthians 6:14, 1 Peter 3:1}
|
|
[2:222] They ask you about menstruation: say, "It is harmful; you shall avoid sexual intercourse with the women during menstruation; do not approach them until they are rid of it. Once they are rid of it, you may have intercourse with them in the manner designed by GOD. GOD loves the repenters, and He loves those who are clean."
| |
[2:222] Bleeding from any source was considered an unhealthy and unclean condition in the old Testament, including menstruation. See {Leviticus 15:19-30}. Jewish converts were naturally interested in whether the same attitude prevailed in Islam. The answer here is that it does not, but sexual activity during menstruation is still prohibited...
|
|
[2:223] Your women are the bearers of your seed. Thus, you may enjoy this privilege however you like, so long as you maintain righteousness. You shall observe GOD, and know that you will meet Him. Give good news to the believers.
| |
[2:223] ...but sexual activity at other times is encouraged, as are other naturally good works, to promote marital harmony, relieve sexual tension, and provide for the procreation of children. This was probably extremely "good news" to puritanical converts.
|
|
[2:224] Do not subject GOD's name to your casual swearing, that you may appear righteous, pious, or to attain credibility among the people. GOD is Hearer, Knower.
| |
[2:224] This is basically a reiteration of the Old Testament injunction not to take GOD's name in vain. See {Exodus 20:7; Deuteronomy 5:11; Psalm139:20; Matthew 5:33-37}
|
|
[2:225] GOD does not hold you responsible for the mere utterance of oaths; He holds you responsible for your innermost intentions. GOD is Forgiver, Clement.
| |
[2:225] The sin involved in a spurious oath is the difference between what one says and what one believes or intends. However, GOD forgives frivolous oaths without evil intent.
|
|
[2:226] Those who intend to divorce their wives shall wait four months. If they change their minds and reconcile, then GOD is Forgiver, Merciful.
| |
[2:226] Reconciliation is preferable to divorce. The four months is a "cooling off" period. Final divorce is permitted only afterward. See [4:128] and Sura 65.
|
|
[2:227] If they go through with the divorce, then GOD is Hearer, Knower.
| |
[2:227] If reconciliation is not possible, divorce, with restrictions, is permitted in Islam.
|
|
[2:228] The divorced women shall remain single for three menstruations. It is not lawful for them to conceal what GOD creates in their wombs, if they believe in GOD and the Last Day. The Father's wishes shall supersede the mother's wishes, if he wants to remarry her. The women have rights, as well as obligations, equitably. Thus, the man's wishes prevail. GOD is Almighty, Most Wise.
| |
[2:228] The "three menstruations" rule is to guarantee that the divorced woman is not pregnant. An exception is granted if the marriage is not consummated. See [33:49] and [65:1]. If she is pregnant, the Father has the right to remarry her in order to raise his child, even if she objects. Otherwise, a divorced woman has the right (not generally recognized in the ancient world) to marry whomever chooses to marry her, without restriction.
|
|
[2:229] Divorce may be retracted twice. The divorced woman shall be allowed to live in the same home amicably, or leave it amicably. It is not lawful for the husband to take back anything he had given her. However, the couple may fear that they may transgress GOD's law. If there is fear that they may transgress GOD's law, they commit no error if the wife willingly gives back whatever she chooses. These are GOD's laws; do not transgress them. Those who transgress GOD's laws are the unjust.
| |
[2:229] Jews were allowed to divorce a woman by summarily giving her a "bill of divorcement." See {Deuteronomy 24:1} Islam clearly sees divorce as an evil to be avoided if at all possible, even to allowing the ex-wife to remain in the same house. If she leaves, she is allowed to retain title to any property she has received from her husband, although she may offer it as an inducement to her husband to let her go. This is clearly a guarantee of rights women did not have under Jewish or pagan law.
|
[2:230] If he divorces her (for the third time), it is unlawful for him to remarry her, unless she marries another man, then he divorces her. The first husband can then remarry her, so long as they observe GOD's laws. These are GOD's laws; He explains them for people who know.
[2:231] If you divorce the women, once they fulfill their interim (three menstruations), you shall allow them to live in the same home amicably, or let them leave amicably. Do not force them to stay against their will, as a revenge. Anyone who does this wrongs his own soul. Do not take GOD's revelations in vain. Remember GOD's blessings upon you, and that He sent down to you the Scripture and wisdom to enlighten you. You shall observe GOD, and know that GOD is aware of all things. | |
[2:230] A couple thrice divorced clearly has issues that stand in the way of reconciliation. However, a previous husband can marry a woman divorced from another man. This was not permitted under Jewish law. See {Deuteronomy 24:3-4} these laws make it easier for a divorced woman to remarry, and give her more freedom in choosing a husband.
[2:231] Jewish law allowed a divorced woman to be "sent away" {Deuteronomy 24:1} regardless of her ability to support herself. This often resulted in divorced women being forced to beg or to turn to prostitution to survive. Islam forbids imposing such a burden. A man is required support his ex-wife, even to live with her as brother and sister if she wishes to remain, even if she is otherwise able to provide for herself. This is a strong incentive for reconciliation.
|
|
[2:232] If you divorce the women, once they fulfill their interim, do not prevent them from remarrying their husbands, if they reconcile amicably. This shall be heeded by those among you who believe in GOD and the Last Day. This is purer and more righteous. GOD knows more than you.
| |
[2:232] This is another inducement to reconciliation. A divorced couple is not to be prevented from being reconciled by social pressure or ridicule. This is perhaps a warning for Jewish converts, who would have serious misgivings about violating their previous traditions against reconciliation.
|
|
[2:233] Divorced mothers shall nurse their infants two full years, if the Father so wishes. The Father shall provide the mother's food and clothing equitably. No one shall be burdened beyond his ability. No mother shall be harmed on account of her infant, nor shall the Father be harmed because of his infant. (If the Father dies), his inheritor shall assume these responsibilities. If the infant's parents mutually agree to part, after due consultation, they commit no error by doing so. You commit no error by hiring nursing mothers, so long as you pay them equitably. You shall observe GOD, and know that GOD sees everything you do.
| |
[2:233] Divorced nursing mothers have special hardship. This is partially resolved by imposing upon the Father the duty of supporting both the child and the mother for the first two years of the child's life if she so chooses. This obligation is also inherited (by the child's uncle or brothers). The Father may keep the child and hire a nurse (at a fair wage) if the mother agrees, but he is not permitted to take the child by force or do anything to force the mother to give it up. This enforcement of a mother's rights is formally prescribed by GOD Himself. It goes far beyond what is specifically required by Jewish or Christian teaching and the customs of the time.
|
|
[2:234] Those who die and leave wives, their widows shall wait four months and ten days (before they remarry). Once they fulfill their interim, you commit no error by letting them do whatever righteous matters they wish to do. GOD is fully aware of everything you do.
| |
[2:234] Although the inheritor of a man's estate assumes obligations toward the decedent's widows, they do not become the heir's property. The "four months and ten days" rule is enough time to determine if they are pregnant and to arrange an equitable distribution of property to them.
|
|
[2:235] You commit no sin by announcing your engagement to the women, or keeping it secret. GOD knows that you will think about them. Do not meet them secretly, unless you have something righteous to discuss. Do not consummate the marriage until their interim is fulfilled. You should know that GOD knows your innermost thoughts, and observe Him. You should know that GOD is Forgiver, Clement.
| |
[2:235] Formal "betrothal" is permitted but not required in Islam. What is required is that the marriage is not consummated before it is formally declared. This protects the rights of the bride, who could otherwise be accused of fornication, with no right of recourse. It also protects the rights of the children, who could legally be abandoned as illegitimate unless they are conceived in a recognized family unit.
|
|
[2:236] You commit no error by divorcing the women before touching them, or before setting the dowry for them. In this case, you shall compensate them - the rich as he can afford and the poor as he can afford - an equitable compensation. This is a duty upon the righteous.
| |
[2:236] Once the couple have formally married, the husband assumes a responsibility toward his wife, whatever else happens. Failure of a marriage to be consummated or of the family to pay the dowry are not excuses to deprive the ex-wife of the rights she would otherwise have in a divorce.
|
|
[2:237] If you divorce them before touching them, but after you had set the dowry for them, the compensation shall be half the dowry, unless they voluntarily forfeit their rights, or the party responsible for causing the divorce chooses to forfeit the dowry. To forfeit is closer to righteousness. You shall maintain the amicable relations among you. GOD sees everything you do.
| |
[2:237] The dowry is payment to the husband for assuming responsibility for the wife (to help him provide a home for her). If he divorces her before consummating the marriage, she is still technically a virgin. The ex-husband has the option of giving half to his ex-wife or (preferably) giving back the entire dowry to his father in law. The former would be appropriate if he has already incurred the expenses of a household.
|
|
[2:238] You shall consistently observe the Contact Prayers, especially the middle prayer, and devote yourselves totally to GOD.
| |
[2:238] This is a requirement to stop what one is doing, even (especially) in the middle of the day, to pray at the appointed time.
|
|
[2:239] Under unusual circumstances, you may pray while walking or riding. Once you are safe, you shall commemorate GOD as He taught you what you did not know.
| |
[2:239] If one is on a journey, through hostile territory, is not necessary to expose himself to attack to pray, but one is still obliged to say the required prayers when he can safely do so. See also [4:102].
|
|
[2:240] Those who die and leave wives, a will shall provide their wives with support for a year, provided they stay within the same household. If they leave, you commit no sin by letting them do whatever they wish, so long as righteousness is maintained. GOD is Almighty, Most Wise.
| |
[2:240] The sad plight of widows without insurance is a frequent topic in the Bible. {Matthew 23:14; Mark 12:40, 42-43, Luke 4:25; 7:12; 18:3; 20:47; 21:2-3, Acts 6:1; 1 Timothy 5:3-5, 16; James 1:27} Islam requires carrying insurance to provide a year's maintenance if they have no one else to provide for them.
|
|
[2:241] The divorcees also shall be provided for, equitably. This is a duty upon the righteous.
| |
[2:241] The "one year" rule does not include divorcees, but they must be adequately provided for as well.
|
|
[2:242] GOD thus explains His revelations for you, that you may understand.
| |
[2:242] This is an obligation imposed by GOD Himself, not merely a legal requirement.
|
[2:243] Have you noted those who fled their homes - though they were in the thousands - fearing death? GOD said to them, "Die," then revived them. GOD showers His grace upon the people, but most people are unappreciative.
[2:244] You shall fight in the cause of GOD, and know that GOD is Hearer, Knower.
[2:245] Who would lend GOD a loan of righteousness, to have it repaid to them multiplied manifold? GOD is the One who provides and withholds, and to Him you will be returned.
[2:246] Have you noted the leaders of Israel after Moses? They said to their prophet, "If you appoint a king to lead us, we will fight in the cause of GOD." He said, "Is it your intention that, if fighting is decreed for you, you will not fight?" they said, "Why should we not fight in the cause of GOD, when we have been deprived of our homes, and our children?" Yet, when fighting was decreed for them, they turned away, except a few. GOD is aware of the transgressors.
| |
[2:243] The event this references is obscure. It could be something like {Exodus 32:10-14; Judges 2:17-18; 2 Samuel 24:16; 1 Chronicles 21:15; Jonah 3:10} or perhaps some other event not recorded in the Bible.
[2:244] This perhaps alludes to the previous ayat. Basically, strive for GOD and He will reward you.
[2:245] This is possibly an idea something like {Matthew 25:15-29 or Luke 6:38}. GOD gives all good things, but a righteous man multiplies them.
[2:246] Possibly the event recorded in {1 Samuel 8:19-11:15.} During the Philistine invasion of Israel, the people wanted a king to lead them in battle against the invaders. In spite of the protestations of the Prophet Samuel, Saul was appointed king over Israel during the invasion of the Ammonites under Nahash. At first, the armies of Jabesh wanted to appease Nahash. When Saul heard of this, he became enraged and threatened to destroy Jabesh's draft animals if they didn't deploy for battle. Fortunately, they took heart, and destroyed the Ammonites.
|
|
[2:247] Their prophet said to them, "GOD has appointed Taloot (Saul) to be your king." they said, "How can he have kingship over us when we are more worthy of kingship than he; he is not even rich?" He said, "GOD has chosen him over you, and has blessed him with an abundance in knowledge and in body." GOD grants His kingship to whomever He wills. GOD is Bounteous, Omniscient.
| |
[2:247] Saul was not immediately accepted as a king by the People of Israel. {1 Samuel 10:24-27} the Prophet Samuel, after many arguments against the idea of even having a king, reluctantly proclaimed him to the people, but not everyone accepted him. The stunning victory over the Ammonites under Saul's leadership finally convinced everyone that Saul was indeed chosen by GOD to be a king over his people.
|
|
[2:248] Their prophet said to them, "The sign of his kingship is that the Ark of the Covenant will be restored to you, bringing assurances from your Lord, and relics left by the people of Moses and the people of Aaron. It will be carried by the angels. This should be a convincing sign for you, if you are really believers."
| |
[2:248] This Philistines captured the Ark of the Covenant {1 Samuel 4:11}, to the great sorrow of the People of Israel. But it proved to be a formidable curse to them everywhere it went, so that at last the Philistines returned it to its rightful owners. It was with David's caravan when he evacuated Jerusalem. {2 Samuel 15:24}
|
[2:249] When Saul took command of the troops, he said, "GOD is putting you to the test by means of a stream. Anyone who drinks from it does not belong with me - only those who do not taste it belong with me - unless it is just a single sip." they drank from it, except a few of them. When he crossed it with those who believed, they said, "Now we lack the strength to face Goliath and his troops." Those who were conscious of meeting GOD said, "Many a small army defeated a large army by GOD's leave. GOD is with those who steadfastly persevere."
[2:250] When they faced Goliath and his troops, they prayed, "Our Lord, grant us steadfastness, strengthen our foothold, and support us against the disbelieving people."
[2:251] They defeated them by GOD's leave, and Dawood (David) killed Jalut (Goliath). GOD gave him kingship and wisdom, and taught him as He willed. If it were not for GOD's support of some people against others, there would be chaos on earth. But GOD showers His grace upon the people.
| |
[2:249-250] This event does not appear to be recorded in the Old Testament. It was, however, not unusual for armies to face each other across a natural barrier, such as a watercourse, and David is said to have chosen the stones he used in his sling "from out of the brook." {1 Samuel 17:40}. It is therefore possible that this passage is from an alternate text that has not survived in modern Judeo-Christian Scripture.
(If soldiers are allowed to drink all they want after being dehydrated, they can become so uncomfortable that their ability to fight is jeopardized. The modern solution is to require the soldiers to drink about a liter an hour, or until their urine remains clear, to prevent dehydration.)
[2:251] The popular story of David and Goliath is told in great detail in {1 Samuel 17:4-58} Nobody expected David to win, but the fight gave Saul's army an opportunity to outflank the Philistines while they were watching it. The remark about "chaos on earth" will be later amplified in [8:73] and elsewhere in discussions about the consequences of unbelief.
|
|
[2:252] These are GOD's revelations. We recite them through you, truthfully, for you are one of the messengers.
| |
[2:252] This passage (as well as others) is GOD's certification for Mohammed's listeners that he is GOD's Messenger.
|
[2:253] These messengers; we blessed some of them more than others. For example, GOD spoke to one, and we raised some of them to higher ranks. And we gave Jesus, son of Mary, profound miracles and supported him with the Holy Spirit. Had GOD willed, their followers would not have fought with each other, after the clear proofs had come to them. Instead, they disputed among themselves; some of them believed, and some disbelieved. Had GOD willed, they would not have fought. Everything is in accordance with GOD's will.
[2:254] O you who believe, you shall give to charity from the provisions we have given to you, before a day comes where there is no trade, no nepotism, and no intercession. Those who do not believe are the unjust.
| |
[2:253] With a few fundamental exceptions, the teachings of Jesus contained in the Bible are completely compatible with the basic beliefs of Islam. (Muslims consider the exceptions to be errors in transcription or translation by Christian clergy for their own ends.) Rejection of the actual teachings of Jesus is therefore a rejection of the same ones contained in Islam as well. The squabbling among Christian factions is seen by Muslims as proof that it was necessary for GOD to send a final Message (the Koran) and Messenger (Mohammed). See also [2:87], [2:136], [3:45], and [3:84].
[2:254] Because the world has yet to be brought to perfection, there is still inequity and the need for trade. Everyone must contribute to the less fortunate from what GOD has given him. See {Mark 12:41-44}
|
|
[2:255] GOD: there is no other god besides Him, the Living, the Eternal. Never a moment of unawareness or slumber overtakes Him. To Him belongs everything in the heavens and everything on earth. Who could intercede with Him, except in accordance with His will? He knows their past, and their future. No one attains any knowledge, except as He wills. His dominion encompasses the heavens and the earth, and ruling them never burdens Him. He is the Most High, the Great.
| |
[2:255] This profession of faith was probably a much more difficult idea to polytheistic idol worshippers than it is to modern Christians and Jews, for whom monotheism is "just common sense." One is reminded of {Deuteronomy 6:4, Mark 12:29 and Romans 11:33-36}. The importance of this passage is illustrated by the fact that to be initiated as a Muslim, one must only say, "I witness that there is One GOD, and Mohammed is His Prophet" This passage is therefore essentially half of the Muslim creed.
|
|
[2:256] There shall be no compulsion in religion: the right way is now distinct from the wrong way. Anyone who denounces the devil and believes in GOD has grasped the strongest bond; one that never breaks. GOD is Hearer, Omniscient.
| |
[2:256] Compulsion in religion is not only forbidden, it is impossible. No one can be forced to believe something he doesn't accept. It logically follows from [2:255] that faith and good works are both necessary and sufficient for a pious life.
|
[2:257] GOD is Lord of those who believe; He leads them out of darkness into the light. As for those who disbelieve, their lords are their idols; they lead them out of the light into darkness - these will be the dwellers of Hell; they abide in it forever.
[2:258] Have you noted the one who argued with Abraham about his Lord, though GOD had given him kingship? Abraham said, "My Lord grants life and death." He said, "I grant life and death." Abraham said, "GOD brings the sun from the east, can you bring it from the west?" the disbeliever was stumped. GOD does not guide the wicked.
| |
[2:257] Knowledge of GOD and His Message clearly separates those who choose the light of faith from those who choose the darkness of unbelief. Hell is the everlasting abode of the unbelievers, who have freely chosen to condemn themselves by not believing what GOD has revealed.
[2:258] The "king" in this case may refer to one of the kings who took Abraham's nephew Lot captive and who was subsequently defeated by Abraham {Genesis 14}. The retort is clever. The "king" suggested that he was equal to GOD because he had the power of life and death. Abraham asked him if he could move the sun.
|
[2:259] Consider the one who passed by a ghost town and wondered, "How can GOD revive this after it had died?" GOD then put him to death for a hundred years, then resurrected him. He said, "How long have you stayed here?" He said, "I have been here a day, or part of the day." He said, "No! You have been here a hundred years. Yet, look at your food and drink; they did not spoil. Look at your donkey - we thus render you a lesson for the people. Now, note how we construct the bones, then cover them with flesh." When he realized what had happened, he said, "Now I know that GOD is Omnipotent."
[2:260] Abraham said, "My Lord, show me how You revive the dead." He said, "Do you not believe?" He said, "Yes, but I wish to reassure my heart." He said, "Take four birds, study their marks, place a piece of each bird on top of a hill, then call them to you. They will come to you in a hurry. You should know that GOD is Almighty, Most Wise."
[2:261] The example of those who spend their monies in the cause of GOD is that of a grain that produces seven ears, with a hundred grains in each ear. GOD multiplies this manifold for whomever He wills. GOD is Bounteous, Knower.
[2:262] Those who spend their money in the cause of GOD, and refrain from following it with insult or injury, will receive their recompense from their Lord; they have nothing to fear, nor will they grieve.
[2:263] Kind words and compassion are better than a charity that is followed by insult. GOD is Rich, Clement.
[2:264] O you who believe, do not nullify your charities by inflicting reproach and insult, like one who spends his money to show off, while disbelieving in GOD and the Last Day. His example is like a rock covered with a thin layer of soil; as soon as heavy rain falls, it washes off the soil, leaving it a useless rock. They gain nothing from their efforts. GOD does not guide disbelieving people.
[2:265] The example of those who give their money seeking GOD's pleasure, out of sincere conviction, is that of a garden on high fertile soil; when heavy rain falls, it gives twice as much crop. If heavy rain is not available, a drizzle will suffice. GOD is Seer of everything you do.
[2:266] Does any of you wish to own a garden of palm trees and grapes, with flowing streams and generous crops, then, just as he grows old, and while his children are still dependent on him, a holocaust strikes and burns up his garden? GOD thus clarifies the revelations for you, that you may reflect.
| |
[2:259-260] This is another one of those references that is not incorporated in any Jewish or Christian Scripture. The moral, however, is much like that in the story of the resurrection of the dry bones in {Ezekiel 37}. Whatever the reference, the inference here (probably for the skeptics who claimed that dead believers are just as dead as the dead idol worshippers) is that death of the just is not final; GOD can resurrect even those who appear to have been dead "for a hundred years." Note that the resurrected here are living once again, not in a reanimated state such as that suggested by vampires, zombies or golems.
A similar story is contained in "the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus," which is referred to in [18:19-25]. Basically, the Roman emperor Decius, around AD 250, sealed up seven young men accused of Christianity, at that time a crime against the Roman Empire, in a cave, where they fell asleep. During the reign of theodosius (379-395), the landowner opened the cave. The men awoke, thinking that they had only been asleep a short time. They were astonished to find crosses on the buildings in Ephesus. The Eastern (Orthodox) Church calls them "the Seven Holy Sleepers, and names them Maximian, Malchus, Martinian, Denis, John, Serapion, and Constantine. They are honored in the Byzantine Churches on August 4th and October 22nd.
Students of American folklore may be reminded of the story of Rip Van Winkle, who avoided the American Revolutionary War (and his nagging wife) by sleeping through it.
[2:261] The beginning of a discourse on charity. Normally a seed would produce a single ear. This seed is overwhelmingly fruitful. The analogy of the righteous to the fruitfulness of grain is also found in {Matthew 13:4-23, Mark 4:26-32 and Luke 8:5-15}
[2:262-263] The exhortation here is not to use charity to create an obligation of the recipient or as an occasion of self-aggrandizement. Similar sentiments are contained in {Matthew 6:1-4; 10:8, 42, Mark 9:41 and Luke 6:30}.
[2:264] Jesus used similar images in {Matthew 6:2; 13:20-21, Mark 4:16-17, Luke 8:13}
[2:265] This analogy is to the spectacular, riot of flowering that takes place in a parched desert after a rainstorm. The result of a rain shower is obvious, but the same miraculous transformation takes place even after an imperceptible light drizzle, demonstrating that the resurrecting power actually comes from GOD.
[2:266] The giver who expects a reward is like the farmer who spends all his life building a beautiful garden, even to the extent of neglecting his children, and then loses everything in a fire. It is far better to give without thought of reward. See {Matthew 6:19-21}.
|
|
[2:267] O you who believe, you shall give to charity from the good things you earn, and from what we have produced for you from the earth. Do not pick out the bad therein to give away, when you yourselves do not accept it unless your eyes are closed. You should know that GOD is Rich, Praiseworthy.
| |
[2:267] Charity consists of giving good things to those in need of them, not giving them junk or using them as trash collectors. One is required to give to others only something he would accept himself. See also [3:92]. Jewish practice required computation of the tithe of livestock "blindly" to prevent selecting out the less desirable animals. See {Leviticus 27:32-33}
|
|
[2:268] The devil promises you poverty and commands you to commit evil, while GOD promises you forgiveness from Him and grace. GOD is Bounteous, Omniscient.
| |
[2:268] Lack of charity for fear of making oneself poor is the work of the devil. The cheerful giver receives the riches of forgiveness of his sins and other blessings from GOD.
|
|
[2:269] He bestows wisdom upon whomever He chooses, and whoever attains wisdom, has attained a great bounty. Only those who possess intelligence will take heed.
| |
[2:269] One of the blessings that GOD bestows on a charitable person, is wisdom. This includes the particular wisdom of recognizing the value of charity to the giver.
|
[2:270] Any charity you give, or a charitable pledge you fulfill, GOD is fully aware thereof. As for the wicked, they will have no helpers.
[2:271] If you declare your charities, they are still good. But if you keep them anonymous, and give them to the poor, it is better for you, and remits more of your sins. GOD is fully Cognizant of everything you do.
[2:272] You are not responsible for guiding anyone. GOD is the only one who guides whoever chooses (to be guided). Any charity you give is for your own good. Any charity you give shall be for the sake of GOD. Any charity you give will be repaid to you, without the least injustice. | |
[2:270] One must fulfill a pledge to charity, for GOD is the guarantor of fulfillment of even the most secret pledge or vow. (the Necessary Charity (zakat) is an obligation in Islam. If. Temporarily, one truly cannot fulfill this obligation, he incurs a solemn obligation to do so at the first opportunity.)
[2:271] Giving to charity is a way of remitting sins. The benefits of anonymous giving were also taught by Jesus. See {Matthew 6:3-4}
[2:272] One must not abuse charitable activities as a method of evangelizing. The giver must recognize that the good of charity is already accomplished. GOD is the author of belief and guidance, and works in His own way.
|
[2:273] Charity shall go to the poor who are suffering in the cause of GOD, and cannot travel for the purpose of trade. The unaware may think that they are rich, due to the fact that they do not beg. But you can recognize them by certain signs; they never beg from the people persistently. Whatever charity you give, GOD is fully aware thereof.
[2:274] Those who give to charity night and day, secretly and in public, receive their recompense from their Lord; they will have nothing to fear, nor will they grieve.
| |
[2:273] The purpose of charity, of course, is to provide for those who, for whatever reason, do not have the means to support themselves. Who they are might not be immediately obvious; the giver must look for signs of their distress (malnourishment, worn-out clothing, poor hygiene, homelessness, and so on).
[2:274] Charity does not have to be acknowledged to be praiseworthy. Anything that one contributes freely to those in need will always be rewarded by GOD, whether others know of it or not.
|
|
[2:275] Those who charge usury are in the same position as those controlled by the devil's influence. This is because they claim that usury is the same as commerce. However, GOD permits commerce, and prohibits usury. Thus, whoever heeds this commandment from his Lord, and refrains from usury, he may keep his past earnings, and his judgment rests with GOD. As for those who persist in usury, they incur Hell, where they abide forever.
| |
[2:275] Usury is excessive or unfair interest on a loan. It is not a valid argument that charging whatever the market will bear is just good business. The fact, of course, is just the opposite; unchecked interest can utterly destroy any economy. Here the lenders are cautioned to charge only fair rates of interest. They are permitted to keep the profits from lending money if they are otherwise fair and honest in their financial dealings.
|
|
[2:276] GOD condemns usury, and blesses charities. GOD dislikes every ungrateful disbeliever.
| |
[2:276] The usurer will receive his punishment and the charitable his reward.
|
[2:277] Those who believe and lead a righteous life, and observe the Necessary prayers, and give the obligatory charity (zakat), they receive their recompense from their Lord; they will have nothing to fear, nor will they grieve.
[2:278] O you who believe, you shall observe GOD and refrain from all kinds of usury, if you are believers.
[2:279] If you do not, then expect a war from GOD and His Messenger. But if you repent, you may keep your capitals, without inflicting injustice, or incurring injustice.
[2:280] If the debtor is unable to pay, wait for a better time. If you give up the loan as a charity, it would be better for you, if you only realized it.
| |
[2:277] This reminds us of three of the five "pillars" of Islam: faith, prayer and charitable works.
[2:278] Usurous business practices identify their perpetrators as not being true Muslims, regardless of what they might profess.
[2:279] Converts to Islam who are creditors in existing contracts that involve unfair rates of interest are required as part of their acceptance of Islam to renegotiate the loan to what is fair for both the creditor and the debtor.
[2:280] Renegotiation may involve extending the time for repayment, or reducing the rate of interest, or foregoing payment for a time. Alternately, the creditor can forgive the debt entirely. This is obviously a more praiseworthy option.
|
[2:281] Beware of the day when you are returned to GOD, and every soul is paid for everything it had done, without the least injustice.
[2:282] O you who believe, when you transact a loan for any period, you shall write it down. An impartial scribe shall do the writing. No scribe shall refuse to perform this service, according to GOD's revelations. He shall write, while the debtor dictates the terms. He shall observe GOD his Lord and never cheat. If the debtor is mentally incapable, or helpless, or cannot dictate, his guardian shall dictate equitably. Two men shall serve as witnesses; if not two men, then a man and two women whose testimony is acceptable to all. Thus, if one woman becomes biased, the other will remind her. It is the obligation of the witnesses to testify when called upon to do so. Do not tire of writing the details, no matter how long, including the time of repayment. This is equitable in the sight of GOD, assures better witnessing, and eliminates any doubts you may have. Business transactions that you execute on the spot need not be recorded, but have them witnessed. No scribe or witness shall be harmed on account of his services. If you harm them, it would be wickedness on your part. You shall observe GOD, and GOD will teach you. GOD is Omniscient.
[2:283] If you are traveling, and no scribe is available, a bond shall be posted to guarantee repayment. If one is trusted in this manner, he shall return the bond when due, and he shall observe GOD his Lord. Do not withhold any testimony by concealing what you had witnessed. Anyone who withholds a testimony is sinful at heart. GOD is fully aware of everything you do.
[2:284] To GOD belongs everything in the heavens and the earth. Whether you declare your innermost thoughts, or keep them hidden, GOD holds you responsible for them. He forgives whomever He wills, and punishes whomever He wills. GOD is Omnipotent.
| |
[2:281] Of course, GOD is the final judge, as suggested by {Matthew 18:24-34}
[2:282] The uneducated and illiterate of Mohammed's time (as now!) were at a severe disadvantage with respect to long term agreements. A scribe employed by only one of the parties had a strong incentive to cheat in favor of his employer, or, sometimes, himself. See {Luke 16:1-8}. Here every public scribe is required honestly to record long term financial transactions when they are brought to him, regardless of complexity. This does not pertain to point of sale transactions, but these must still be witnessed (i.e. not done in secret). The requirement for the debtor to dictate the terms is to assure that he (or his guardian) understands and agrees with them. Two women are required as witnesses in place of a man to avoid the possibility of one witness marrying the other and creating the potential for bias in such a situation. It is specifically forbidden to intimidate a scribe or witness in any way. The function of a witness is a sacred duty, so the bearing of "false witness" {Exodus 20:16, Deuteronomy 5:20; 19:16-19, Proverbs 12:17; 14:5; 19:5, 9; 21:28; 25:18, Matthew 15:19; 19:18; 25:59-60, Mark 10:19; 14:56-57, Luke 18:20, Acts 6:13, Romans 13:9, 1 Corinthians15:15} is a serious crime. See [4:15], [4:135], [5:8], [5:107] and [65:2].
[2:283] This is a statement of business ethics, requirement for both parties to be fair and honest, even if no one can be found to record the transaction. The obligation is on the debtor to post the bond, and on the creditor to return it promptly once the verbal contract has been fulfilled. If he is called upon to do so, a witness is required to reveal all the details he knows of the transaction.
[2:284] Traders are here reminded that they are temporary custodians not only of the goods of their clients, but also of the possessions of GOD. He knows the most intimate details of every business transaction, and requires that each person be honest with his neighbors and a just steward of the goods and responsibilities entrusted to him.
|
|
[2:285] The Messenger has believed in what was sent down to him from his Lord, and so did the believers. They believe in GOD, His angels, His Scripture, and His messengers: "We make no distinction among any of His messengers." they say, "We hear, and we obey. Forgive us, our Lord. To You is the ultimate destiny."
| |
[2:285] This sura comes to a close with a declaration by Mohammed that he has faithfully reported what he received from GOD, as did the messengers (Jesus, the Prophets, Abraham, etc.) who came before him. See {John 21:24, Revelation 22:18}. Contemporary believers will accept his Message as did those of former times.
|
|
[2:286] GOD never burdens a soul beyond its means: to its credit is what it earns, and against it is what it commits. "Our Lord, do not condemn us if we forget or make mistakes. Our Lord, and protect us from blaspheming against You, like those before us have done. Our Lord, protect us from sinning until it becomes too late for us to repent. We ask you to pardon us and forgive us. You are our Lord and Master. *Grant us victory over the disbelieving people."
| |
[2:286] The sura ends with a summation of Islamic philosophy: GOD does not ask too much, He rewards goodness and punishes evil. The prayer that follows recalls supplications in the "Lord's Prayer." {Matthew 6:9-13, Luke 11:2-4}
*The "disbelieving people" include those mentioned in [2:8], and especially the Quraish who were creating serious obstacles to promulgation of Mohammed's Message.
|
"Imran" is the Arabic word for the Father of Moses, Miriam, and Aaron. The Jewish people are referred to as "the Imrans," from which this sura takes its name. The subject matter is not necessarily about the Jewish people, but they are mentioned in [3:33].
This Sura follows Al-Baqarah, which invited the Jews to accept the Islam. It appeals to Christians to accept the Koran and abandon their "erroneous" beliefs, including the divinity of Jesus. the Muslims are instructed in this Sura to adhere to the revelations of Mohammed and to persevere in their faith in the face of unexpected reversals of fortune.
|
In the name of GOD, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
[3:1] A.L.M.
[3:2] GOD: there is no god except He; the Living, the Eternal.
[3:3] He sent down to you this Scripture, truthfully, confirming all previous Scriptures, and He sent down the Torah and the Injeel (Gospel).
[3:4] before that, to guide the people, and He sent down the statute book. Those who disbelieve in GOD's revelations incur severe retribution. GOD is Almighty, Avenger.
[3:5] Nothing is hidden from GOD, on earth, or in the heaven.
[3:6] It is He who shapes you in the wombs as He chooses. There is no other god besides Him; the Almighty, Most Wise.
[3:7] He sent down to you this Scripture, both the direct and the allegorical. The perverse of heart will become confused by the allegorical, because only GOD knows the true meaning, and those who are firmly rooted in knowledge. They say, "We believe in all of this because it comes from our Lord." Only the intelligent will take heed.
[3:8] "Oh Lord, do not let our hearts waver, now that You have given us your guidance. Shower us with Your mercy; You are the most liberal Giver.
[3:9] "Oh Lord, You will surely gather the people on a day when doubt is vanquished. GOD never breaks a promise."
| |
[3:1-3] This sura naturally follows the last, in which the Jews were exhorted to return to the faith of Moses and their ancestors. This sura makes the same request of Christians, and sets down some ideas about the unity and supremacy of GOD, Scripture and life after death as examples of commonalty of beliefs. It also exhorts Muslim converts to persevere in their religious practices.
[3:4] Christians would probably agree. See {Matthew 15:7-9; 23:33, Mark 7:6-7, Luke 11:52, John 7:49}.
[3:5] {Matthew 6:4, 6, 8, 18, 32; 24:36, Mark 13:32, Luke 12:30, 16:15, Acts 15:8, 1 Corinthians 2:11; 3:20, 2 Corinthians 11:11, 1 John 3:20}
[3:6] See {1 Kings 8:23, 2 Kings 5:15, 2 Chronicles 6:14, Isaiah 44:2, 6, 8, 24; 45:5, 21; 49:5, 14, Jeremiah 1:5}
[3:7] Belief requires a decision to accept an idea even if he does not fully understand it. One may legitimately make this choice based solely on the authority of whoever proposed it. Those who wisely accept the Scripture because it comes from GOD show true intelligence and understanding. See {Proverbs 26:7, 9, Matthew 13:10-16, 18-23, 34-35, Mark 4:10-12, 33-34, Luke 8:10}
[3:8] This is a supplication very much like {Psalms 4:1; 51:1, Proverbs 28:13 and Isaiah 55:7}.
[3:9] Those who die submitting to the will of GOD are already saints. The rest of us have been promised that reward as well. See {Genesis 25:8; 35:29; 49:33, Numbers 20:26; 27:13; 31:2, Deuteronomy 32:50, 2 Kings 22:20, 2 Chronicles 34:28, Psalms 50:5; 106:47, Micah 2:12, Matthew 12:30; 25:32, Mark 13:27, Luke 11:23, and John 11:52}
|
|
[3:10] Those who do not believe will never be saved by their wealth, or by their children, against GOD. They will be fuel for Hell.
| |
[3:10] Paradise cannot be bought or earned by heredity. See {Matthew 3:9, Luke 3:8; 16:19-31, John 8:33-40, Romans 4:13; 9:7, Galatians 3:16}
|
[3:11] Like Pharaoh's people and those before them, they rejected our revelations and, consequently, GOD punished them for their sins. GOD is strict in enforcing retribution.
[3:12] Say to those who disbelieve, "You will be vanquished and cast into Hell; what a miserable end!"
| |
[3:11] "Pharaoh's people" worshipped false gods. The Jews were saved because they worshipped GOD, not because they were of Abraham.
[3:12] The indictment here may be of the idolaters and hypocrites who were persecuting the Muslims of Medina.
|
[3:13] An example has been set for you by the two armies who clashed one army was fighting in the cause of GOD, while the other was disbelieving. They saw with their own eyes that they were twice as many. GOD supports with His victory whomever He wills. This should provide an assurance for those who possess vision.
[3:14] The minds of men are concerned with worldly desires, such as women, heirs, having children, piles upon piles of gold and silver, trained horses, livestock, and well-tilled land. These things bring comfort in this world. A far better abode is reserved with GOD.
[3:15] Say, "I will tell you of something much better: for those who lead a righteous life, reserved at their Lord, are gardens with flowing streams, and pure spouses, and joy in GOD's blessings, for GOD sees the actions of His worshippers.
| |
[3:13] This reminder of the Battle of Badr is obviously an exhortation to the oppressed to keep faith in spite of defeats, a sentiment that persists among Muslim fighters to this day. See {Genesis 26:26-29, Exodus 14:9-30, Numbers 31:7-12, almost all of Joshua, 1 Samuel 14:52; 15:8; 19:8, 2 Samuel 21:15-22}, etc.
[3:14] This is a sentiment echoed with respect to material things {in Matthew 6:19-21, 24-26; 16:26; 19:24, Mark 8:36, 10:23, Luke 12:20-23, 33-34; 18:24-25}. Here, the text adds other worldly desires, such as for sex and children. Excessive love of all of these things violates the First Commandment, {Exodus 20:3, Deuteronomy 5:7} because it detracts from one's dedication to GOD.
[3:15] Again, the rewards of the faithful, whose actions are always visible to GOD, are compared to lush gardens and flowing rivers, the opposite of the Arabian desert.
|
[3:16] They say, "Our Lord, we have believed, so forgive us our sins, and spare us the agony of the hellfire."
[3:17] They are steadfast, truthful, submitting, charitable, and mediators at dawn.
[3:18] GOD bears witness that there is no god except He, and so do the angels and those who possess knowledge. Truthfully and equitably, He is the absolute GOD; there is no GOD but He, the Almighty, Most Wise.
[3:19] The only religion approved by GOD is "Submission." Ironically, those who have received the Scripture are the ones who dispute this fact, despite the knowledge they have received, due to jealousy. For such rejectors of GOD's revelations, GOD is most strict in reckoning.
[3:20] If they argue with you, then say, "I have simply submitted myself to GOD; I and those who follow me." You shall proclaim to those who received the Scripture, as well as those who did not, "Would you submit?" If they submit, then they have been guided, but if they turn away, your sole mission is to deliver this Message. GOD is Seer of all people.
[3:21] Those who have rejected GOD's revelations, and killed the prophets unjustly, and killed those who advocated justice among the people, promise them a painful retribution.
[3:22] Their works have been nullified, both in this life and in the Hereafter, and they will have no helpers.
| |
[3:16] This sentiment is contained in {Matthew 6:12 and Luke 11:4, and especially in John 1:9}.
[3:17] Those who show themselves worthy to be forgiven by GOD are the steadfast, truthful, obedient, charitable, and the most worthy of these are they who begin the day by meditating on and practicing these virtues.
[3:18] This is a very profound theological argument, that GOD Himself bears witness that He is the Supreme Being. This theme is elaborated upon in the Summa theologica of St. Thomas Aquinas.
[3:19] The only logical response to GOD is submission to His will, because He is, after all, GOD. The very people who have been given the additional guidance of Revelation are the ones who dispute this. Thus they incur the additional onus of rejecting truth that has been freely given to them.
[3:20] Mohammed's only practical response to his detractors and oppressors and those of his followers is therefore the example of a virtuous life and sharing of his Message with those who choose to receive it. This is the extent of a believer's duty to proselyte unbelievers. (Note, it is not to kill them!)
[3:21] Mohammed is enjoined to warn the evildoers of the consequences of their sinful actions.
[3:22] In the long run, evildoers' actions will have no lasting effect. GOD will eventually triumph.
|
|
[3:23] Have you noted those who were given part of the Scripture, and how they are invited to uphold this Scripture of GOD, and apply it to their own lives, then some of them turn away in aversion?
| |
[3:23] "Those who were given part of the Scripture" probably refers to the Jews of Mohammed's time. They "turned away in aversion," in the belief that their punishment would be only temporary.
|
|
[3:24] This is because they said, "The hellfire will not touch us, except for a few days." they were thus deceived in their religion by their own fabrications.
| |
[3:24] This is suggested by {Psalms 16:10; 18:5-17; 86:13, Proverbs 23:14, Jonah 2:2}. Hell is everlasting. {Matthew 25:41, 46, Mark 9:43-48, Luke 16:22-31.}
|
|
[3:25] How will it be for them, when we gather them together on day about which there is no doubt? Each soul will be paid for whatever it earned, without the least injustice.
| |
[3:25] The "day about which there is no doubt" is logically the "last" day. The gathering together of souls for judgment on this day is very much like the concept expressed in {Matthew 25:31-46}.
|
[3:26] Say, "Our GOD: possessor of all sovereignty. You grant sovereignty to whomever You choose, and remove it from whomever You choose. You grant dignity to whomever You choose, and commit to humiliation whomever You choose. All good things are in Your hands. You are All Powerful*.
[3:27] "You merge the night into the day, and merge the day into the night. You produce the living from the dead, and produce the dead from the living, and You provide for whomever You choose, without limits."
| |
[3:26] The theme of this prayer of praise is also contained in {Job 1:21, Matthew 19:30; 20:16, Mark 10:31, and Luke 1:52-53}.
*"All Powerful" is one of the names of GOD.
[3:27] The omnipotence of GOD is expressed in things that change; day merges into night, which merges again back into day. The "living from the dead" are the children of the deceased, by which GOD makes the human race immortal.
|
|
[3:28] Let not the believers take the unbelievers for friends instead of the believers. Whoever does this exiles himself from GOD except for those who are forced to do this to avoid persecution. GOD alerts you that you shall reverence Him alone. Your first goal is GOD.
| |
[3:28] Often misinterpreted, this ayat does not prohibit Muslims from being friends with non-Muslims, only to put their Muslim friends first, to help fellow Muslims practice their faith. A similar exhortation is contained in 2 Corinthians 6:14-17}.
|
[3:29] Say, "Whether you conceal your innermost thought, or declare it, GOD is fully aware thereof." He is fully aware of everything in the heavens and the earth. GOD is Omnipotent.
[3:30] The day will come when each soul will find all the good works it had done brought forth. As for the evil works, it will wish that they were far, far removed. GOD alerts you that you shall reverence Him alone. GOD is Compassionate towards the people.
| |
[3:29] Of course, whether a person is a true believer or not is known only to GOD, because He knows everything. In a social setting, it is necessary for a person to proclaim his faith to take advantage of the help of his fellow believers.
[3:30] On the Day of Resurrection, each person will be judged according to the degree to which he actually practiced his beliefs, which will be revealed to all. The evildoers will wish they were not even there.
|
|
[3:31] Proclaim: "If you love GOD, you should follow me." GOD will then love you, and forgive your sins. GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful.
| |
[3:31] The assertion here is that one is saved by good works, not by faith or by meaningless rituals. This conflicts with the beliefs of some Christian sects.
|
[3:32] Proclaim: "You shall obey GOD and the Messenger." If they turn away, GOD does not love the disbelievers.
[3:33] GOD has chosen Adam, Nuh (Noah), the family of Ibrahim (Abraham), and the family of Imran (as messengers) to the people.
| |
[3:32] The exhortation here is to obey those whom GOD has sent as messengers to His people.
[3:33] This passage appears to be directed specifically at the Jews. Arabs are also descendants of Abraham, but these named are Jews or people who came before them.
|
|
[3:34] They belong in the same progeny. GOD is Hearer, Omniscient.
| |
[3:34] The name "Imran" is used subsequently as a generic name for the Jewish men described.
|
[3:35] The wife of Imran said, "My Lord, I have dedicated (the baby) in my belly to You, totally, so accept from me. You are Hearer, Omniscient."
[3:36] When she gave birth to her, she said, "Oh, my GOD, I have given birth to a girl!" (Of course, GOD knew what the child was.) "The male is not the same as the female. I have named her Maryam (Mary), and I invoke Your protection for her and her descendants from Satan, the Accursed One."
| |
[3:35] This begins the story of the birth of Mary, the mother of Jesus. the "Imran" in this case is known in Catholic tradition as "Joachim," and his wife, Mary's mother, is called "Anna."
[3:36] Anna was obviously hoping that her firstborn child would be a boy. She showed her acceptance of the will of GOD by dedicating her daughter to GOD according to the tradition of her people. {See Exodus 13:2; 22:29, Numbers 8:17}
|
[3:37] Graciously her Lord accepted her, and brought her up a gracious upbringing, under the guardianship of Zachariah (Zacharias). Whenever Zachariah entered her sanctuary he found provisions with her. He would ask, "Mary, where did you get this from?" She would say, "It is from GOD. GOD provides for whomever He chooses, without limits."
[3:38] There did Zakariya pray to his Lord; he said: My Lord! grant me from thee good offspring; surely Thou art the Hearer of prayer.
[3:39] The angels called him when he was praying in the sanctuary: "GOD gives you good news of Yahya (John); a believer in the word of GOD, honorable, moral, and a righteous prophet."
[3:40] He said, "How can I have a son, when I am so old, and my wife is sterile?" He said, "GOD does whatever He pleases."
[3:41] He said, "My Lord, give me a sign." He said, "Your sign is that you will not speak to the people for three days, except through signals. Commemorate your Lord frequently; and meditate night and day."
| |
[3:37] The story of Mary in the Bible {Luke 1:5-56} begins when Mary was a teenager in Nazareth in Galilee {Luke 1:26}, and Zachariah and his wife, in Jerusalem, were old. Luke says of her only that she was a virgin, engaged to a man named Joseph, of the House of David { Luke 1:27}. Although most Christians believe that Mary was a model child, there is nothing in the New Testament one way or the other. The Koran suggests that Zachariah and Elizabeth had helped to raise Mary, training her as a child to recognize that all they provided came from GOD. This would explain why Mary immediately embarked on the 160-mile round trip through hostile Samaria to see Elizabeth when she heard that Elizabeth was going to have a baby.
[3:38] {Luke 1:13-17} records the answer to Zachariah's hope for a healthy child, but not this request. {Luke 1:18} suggests only that Zachariah was incredulous that he and his wife could even have a child.
[3:39] {Luke 1:11-12}
[3:40] {Luke 1:18}
[3:41] {Luke 1:19-20}
|
[3:42] The angels said, "O Maryam (Mary), GOD has chosen you and purified you. He has chosen you from all the women.
[3:43] "O Mary, you shall submit to your Lord, and prostrate and bow down with those who bow down."
| |
[3:42-43] This is not the conversation recorded in {Luke 1:26-38}, but a previous declaration by "the angels" possibly before Mary even existed. Catholics refer to what "the angels" are talking about as the Immaculate Conception, which refers to Mary's conception, not that of Jesus.
|
[3:44] This is the tidings of hidden things that we now reveal to you. You were not there when they cast their lots to select Mary's guardian. You were not present when they argued with one another.
[3:45] The angels said, "O Mary, GOD gives you good news: a Word from Him whose name is 'the Messiah,' Isa (Jesus) the son of Mary. He will be prominent in this life and in the Hereafter, and one of those closest to Me."
[3:46] "He will speak to the people from the crib, as well as an adult; he will be one of the righteous."
| |
[3:44] The Catholic doctrine of the Immaculate Conception was formally promulgated in 1854, but Catholic tradition maintains that it was a belief of the early Christian Church. If it was a common Christian belief, the Arab Christians, as well as Mohammed, would have been familiar with it. This may be the first documentary evidence of this Christian belief, which is based in Scripture on {Isaiah 7:14 and Luke 1:28}
[3:45] {Luke 1:28-31}.
[3:46] {Luke 1:32-33}
|
[3:47] She said, "My Lord, how can I have a son, when no man has touched me?" He said, "GOD thus creates whatever He wills. To have anything done, He simply says to it, 'Be,' and it is.
[3:48] "He will teach him the Scripture, wisdom, the Torah, and the Gospel."
| |
[3:47] {Luke 1:34-35} says that Jesus is the Son of GOD. Here, Mary is told simply that GOD will create her child with no father.
[3:48] This part of the angel's declaration is not recorded in the Bible but reflects the Muslim belief that Jesus learned his teaching directly from GOD.
|
|
[3:49] As a messenger to the Children of Israel: "I come to you with a sign from your Lord - I create for you from clay the shape of a bird, then I blow into it, and it becomes a live bird by GOD's leave. I restore vision to the blind, heal the leprous, and I revive the dead by GOD's leave. I can tell you what you eat, and what you store in your homes. This should be a proof for you, if you are believers.
| |
[3:49] The Bible does not record the incident with the clay bird, although the idea that GOD makes living things out of clay, while man makes only dead ones, was a popular way of contrasting the creative abilities of both. See {Genesis 2:7, Job 10:9; 13:12; 33:6, Isaiah 64:8, Jeremiah 18:6}. Jesus demonstrated his association with GOD in {John 9:6}. His other works are explicitly recorded in the Gospels.
|
|
[3:50] "I confirm previous Scripture the Torah - and I revoke certain prohibitions imposed upon you. I come to you with sufficient proof from your Lord. Therefore, you shall observe GOD, and obey me.
| |
[3:50] Jesus claimed that he did not come to abolish the law, but to fulfill it, so that "Not the smallest part of a letter (jot or tittle) of the Law would pass away". {Matthew 5:17-19, Luke 24:44}
|
|
[3:51] "GOD is my Lord and your Lord; *you shall worship Him alone. This is the right path."
| |
[3:51] *This is the first and greatest commandment. {Matthew 22:37-38, Luke 10:27}
|
[3:52] When Jesus sensed their disbelief, he said, "Who are my supporters towards GOD?" the disciples said, "We are GOD's supporters; we believe in GOD, and bear witness that we are submitters."
[3:53] "Our Lord, We have believed in what You have sent down, and we have followed the messenger; count us among the witnesses."
| |
[3:52-53] Although Muslims would probably disagree vehemently with what precedes it, the statement by Jesus in {John 6:67-69} is remarkably like the one recorded here. Jesus asked the Apostles if they wanted to leave him, but Peter answered him, "Master, to whom shall we go? You have the words of eternal life. We have come to believe and are convinced that you are the Holy One of GOD."
|
|
[3:54] They plotted and schemed, but so did GOD, and GOD's plans (for Jesus) were the best.
| |
[3:54] {Matthew 26:3-4, 59; 27:1, Mark 14:1, 55, Luke 22:2, John 11:53}
|
|
[3:55] Thus, GOD said: O Jesus, I am going to terminate the period of your stay (on earth) and cause you to ascend unto Me and purify you of those who disbelievers. I will exalt those who follow you above those who disbelieve, till the day on which you return. Then to Me is the ultimate destiny of all of you, then I will judge among you regarding your disputes.
| |
[3:55] Islam teaches that Jesus did not die, but was received into Paradise by GOD to avoid the suffering of his crucifixion and death. (See [3:169] and [4:157]) It was therefore only his empty body that died, to be reanimated in the tomb when Jesus "returned" to complete his mission. This is perhaps the fundamental difference between Islam and Christianity.
|
|
[3:56] "As for those who disbelieve, I will commit them to painful retribution in this world, and in the Hereafter. They will have no helpers."
| |
[3:56] Those who did not believe in the prophecy of Jesus will find that they have no one to be their advocates in the afterlife.
|
[3:57] As for those who believe and lead a righteous life, He will fully recompense them. GOD does not love the unjust.
[3:58] These are the revelations that we recite to you, providing a Message full of wisdom.
| |
[3:57] GOD will reward all of those who followed the example and teaching of Jesus, to believe and do good works.
[3:58] This ayat appears to be an attempt to "set the record straight" about Jesus.
|
[3:59] The example of Jesus, as far as GOD is concerned, is the same as that of Adam; He created him from dust, then said to him, "Be," and he was.
[3:60] This is the truth from your Lord; do not harbor any doubts.
[3:61] If anyone argues with you, despite the knowledge you have received, then say, "Let us summon our children and your children, our women and your women, ourselves and yourselves, then let us invoke GOD's curse upon the liars."
| |
[3:59-60] This expresses the Muslim belief that Jesus was in no way divine, but was a human being, created "from the dust" {Genesis 2:7} in the same manner as all men, including Adam.
[3:61] This ayat is often invoked to justify unremitting enmity between Christians and Muslims. However, what it actually says is that the two arguing parties are to curse liars. One might conclude that it permits honest disagreements, but condemns in the worst possible way those who misquote Scripture in their arguments. See also [3:64].
|
|
[3:62] Absolutely, this is the narration of the truth. Absolutely, there is no god except GOD. Absolutely, GOD is the Almighty, Most Wise.
| |
[3:62] This would seem to support the foregoing interpretation. We can all agree that it is absolutely true that GOD is supreme and almighty.
|
|
[3:63] If they turn away, then GOD is fully aware of the evildoers.
| |
[3:63] If anyone denies this truth, he is truly lost. See {Matthew 12:31-32, John 14:17; 15:26; 16:13}
|
|
[3:64] Say, "O followers of the Scripture, let us come to a logical agreement between us and you: that we shall not worship except GOD; that we never set up any idols besides Him, nor set up any human beings as lords beside GOD." If they turn away, say, "Bear witness that we are submitters."
| |
[3:64] This seems to bear out the foregoing interpretation of [3:61] that the "followers of Scripture can reach some kind of accommodation as long as they both worship GOD. By itself, it does not repudiate those who believe in the divinity of Jesus, since they also maintain that there is only one GOD.
|
[3:65] O followers of the Scripture, why do you argue about Abraham, when the Torah and the Gospel were not revealed until after him? Do you not understand?
[3:66] You argue even about what you understand; how, then, can you hope to agree on things you do not understand? GOD knows, while you are ignorant.
| |
[3:65-66] Abraham is believed by Muslims to have practiced the religion of Islam that was formalized by the Koran. Arguments about the degree to which Jewish or Christian practice is the "true" religion are therefore pointless. Both of them derive from a common root that resembles Islam. The arguers have no basis on which to reach any other conclusion.
|
[3:67] Abraham was neither Jewish, nor Christian; he was a monotheist who submitted to the will of GOD. He never was an idol worshipper.
[3:68] The people most worthy of Abraham are those who followed him, and this Prophet, and those who believe. GOD is the Lord and Master of the believers.
| |
[3:67-68] This pretty well sums up the exhortation not to argue about the "best" religion. The Scriptures used by Christians, Jews and Muslims certainly support the claim that Abraham was a "monotheist who submitted to the will of GOD." Since they all all claim descent of their religious beliefs and practices from Abraham, they all have to basically agree.
|
|
[3:69] Some followers of the Scripture wish to lead you astray, but they only lead themselves astray, without realizing it.
| |
[3:69] What follows is apparently a repudiation of Christianity. It is not so much a condemnation as it is an exhortation to reform.
|
|
[3:70] O followers of the Scripture, why do you reject these revelations of GOD though you bear witness (that this is the truth)?
| |
[3:70] Christians, who, of course, believe in the "One True GOD," are seen as rejecting His other revelations contained in the Koran.
|
|
[3:71] O followers of the Scripture, why do you confound the truth with falsehood, and conceal the truth, knowingly?
| |
[3:71] Christianity is seen not so much as an alternate religion, but as confusion and corruption of the truths of Judaism and Islam as well.
|
|
[3:72] Some followers of the Scripture say, "Believe in what was sent down to the believers in the morning, and reject it in the evening; maybe someday they will revert.
| |
[3:72] These "followers of the Scripture" are probably Jews or Jewish Christians who don't know very much about the Scripture they claim to follow.
|
|
[3:73] "And do not believe except as those who follow your religion." Say, "The true guidance is GOD's guidance." If they claim that they have the same guidance, or argue with you about your Lord, say, "All grace is in GOD's hand; He bestows it upon whomever He wills." GOD is Bounteous, Omniscient.
| |
[3:73] "And do not believe except as those who follow your religion" is the instruction given to the Christian converts. The exhortation here appears to be to the converts to examine the logic of their belief, vis-a-vis Islam. Many Christian beliefs, most notably the divinity of Jesus, are arrived at by faith, not logic.
|
[3:74] He specifies His mercy for whomever He wills; GOD possesses unlimited grace.
[3:75] Some followers of the Scripture can be trusted with a whole lot, and they will give it back to you. Others among them cannot be trusted with a single dinar; they will not repay you unless you keep after them. That is because they say, "We do not have to be honest when dealing with the gentiles!" Thus, they attribute lies to GOD, knowingly.
[3:76] Indeed, those who fulfill their obligations and lead a righteous life, GOD loves the righteous.
[3:77] As for those who trade away GOD's covenant, and their obligations, for a cheap price, they receive no share in the Hereafter. GOD will not speak to them, nor look at them, on the Day of Resurrection, nor will He purify them. They have incurred a painful retribution.
[3:78] Among them are those who twist their tongues to imitate the Scripture, that you may think it is from the Scripture, when it is not from the Scripture, and they claim that it is from GOD, when it is not from GOD. Thus, they utter lies and attribute them to GOD, knowingly.
| |
[3:74] The idea here seems to be that one is saved directly by the mercy of GOD, not through the merits of Jesus Christ {John 14:6}.
[3:75] This is a condemnation of religious bigotry that was probably as rampant in the time of Mohammed as it is today. It specifically targets the Arabian Jews of Medina, who felt they had to be honest only with their fellow believers and could cheat others with moral impunity. The suggestion here is that they make GOD an accessory to their dishonesty.
[3:76] GOD, of course, desires that everybody treat his fellows as he would want to be treated. {Matthew 7:12, Luke 6:31}
[3:77] In addition to those who believe it is OK to cheat those who do not believe as they do are those who recognize the sin but do it anyway. GOD will punish them as well.
[3:78] This censure also falls on those who pretend to quote Scripture to support their arguments, but make it up as they go. Any misrepresentation of the Word of GOD as a serious sin.
|
|
[3:79] Never would a human being whom GOD blessed with the Scripture and prophethood say to the people, "Idolize me beside GOD." Instead, (he would say), "Devote yourselves absolutely to your Lord alone," according to the Scripture you preach and the revelations you learn.
| |
[3:79] The "human being whom GOD blessed with the Scripture and prophethood" is obviously Jesus. the argument is not that Jesus was a liar, claiming to be GOD in {John 8:58; 10:30; 14:6-11;}, but that in these statements he was misquoted by Christian teachers.
|
[3:80] Nor would he command you to idolize the angels and the prophets as lords. Would he exhort you to disbelieve after becoming submitters?
[3:81] When GOD made a covenant from the prophets, He said, "I will give you the Scripture and wisdom. Afterwards, a Messenger will come to confirm all existing Scriptures. You shall believe in him and support him." He said, "Do you agree with this, and pledge to fulfill this covenant?" they said, "We agree." He said, "You have thus borne witness, and I bear witness along with you."
[3:82] Those who turn away are the evil ones.
[3:83] Are they seeking other than GOD's religion, when everything in the heavens and the earth has submitted to Him, willingly and unwillingly, and to Him they will be returned?
| |
[3:80] No one who claims equality with angels {Matthew 16:27; 25:31, Mark 8:38, Luke 9:26; 20:36, John 1:51} or prophets {Matthew 10:41; 13:57, Mark 6:4, Luke 4:24; 13:33; John 4:44} would dare to claim equality with GOD or suggest that anyone should abandon his sincere faith.
[3:81-82] Christians believe that the Messiah, the "messenger [who] will come to confirm all existing Scriptures" is Jesus {Matthew 5:17}. Muslims believe it was Mohammed, and the Jews are still waiting for him. Every once in a while someone else claims the honor (David Koresh, Warren Jeffs, etc.) but none has come close to achieving Mohammed's following.
[3:83] This is perhaps the central concept of Islam, that the entire universe submits to the Will of GOD. {Matthew 6:10, Luke 11:2} therefore, man should do so willingly, to avoid being forced to do so.
|
[3:84] Say, "We believe in GOD, and in what was sent down to us, and in what was sent down to Abraham, Ismail (Ishmael), Ishaq (Isaac), Yaqoub (Jacob), and the Patriarchs, and in what was given to Moses, Jesus, and the prophets from their Lord. We make no distinction among any of them. To Him alone we are submitters."
[3:85] Anyone who accepts other than Submission (Islam) as his religion, it will not be accepted from him, and in the Hereafter, he will be one of the lost.
| |
[3:84] Often overlooked by (or unknown to) Christians, and some Muslims as well, there is a strong flavor of accommodation in Islam. An attempt is made here to demonstrate the unity of Islam with the beliefs of Christians and Jews by acknowledging the commonalty of their Scriptural basis and their worship of the same GOD.
[3:85] The new revelation requires both to embrace Islam as the fulfillment of GOD's revelation in the past.
|
|
[3:86] Why should GOD guide people who disbelieved after believing, and after witnessing that the Messenger is truth, and after solid proofs have been given to them? GOD does not guide the wicked.
| |
[3:86] This probably refers to backsliders from Islam who returned to their former practices, perhaps only after realizing the full extent and scope of the duties imposed by Islam on its followers.
|
|
[3:87] These have incurred condemnation by GOD, and the angels, and all the people.
| |
[3:87] In other words nobody likes those who cannot make a commitment.
|
|
[3:88] Eternally they abide therein; the retribution is never commuted for them, nor will they be reprieved.
| |
[3:88] This is another assertion that the punishments of Hell are eternal.
|
|
[3:89] Exempted are those who repent thereafter, and reform. GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful.
| |
[3:89] Of course, GOD always forgives those who are truly repentant of past mistakes.
|
[3:90] Those who disbelieve after believing, then plunge deeper into disbelief, their repentance will not be accepted from them; they are the ones who have really gone astray.
[3:91] Those who disbelieve and die as disbelievers, an earthful of gold will not be accepted from any of them, even if such a ransom were possible. They have incurred painful retribution; they will have no helpers.
[3:92] You cannot attain righteousness until you give to charity from the possessions you love. Whatever you give to charity, GOD is fully aware thereof.
| |
[3:90] On the other hand, true repentance is certified by action. Those who only say they have repented incur even a worse punishment.
[3:91] Belief and repentance must be genuine; one cannot achieve the reward of believers by gifts to charity (zakat), no matter how great the amount. In other words, you cannot bribe GOD.
[3:92] On the other hand, zakat is not only a means of helping the destitute and building a strong community, it is a way to purge the soul of inappropriate attachment to worldly goods.
|
|
[3:93] Before the Torah was sent down, all food used to be lawful for the Children of Israel, until Israel himself imposed certain prohibitions. Say, "Bring the Torah and read it, if you are concerned with the truth."
| |
[3:93] Abraham and his progeny practiced submission even before the religion of the Jews was formalized in the Torah. One of these practices is the avoidance of eating certain animals, which was added later.
|
[3:94] Those who fabricate false prohibitions after this, and attribute them to GOD, are truly wicked.
[3:95] Say, "GOD has proclaimed the truth: You shall follow Abraham's religion - monotheism. He never was an idolater."
| |
[3:94] See [2:173] Islam forbids eating only (1) animals that die from age or illness, (2) blood, (3) pork, and (4) animals sacrificed to idols. Jewish prohibitions are much more severe See {Leviticus 11:3-31, Deuteronomy 14:6-19}
[3:95] This appeals to the racial identity of the Jews.
|
|
[3:96] The most important shrine established for the people is the one in Becca (Mecca), a blessed beacon for all the people.
| |
[3:96] The most important shrine at the time of Mohammed was the Kaaba in Mecca, which is believed to have been built by Abraham himself.
|
[3:97] In it are clear signs: the station of Abraham. Anyone who enters it shall be granted safe passage. The people owe it to GOD that they shall observe hajj to this shrine, when they can afford it. As for those who disbelieve, GOD does not need anything.
[3:98] Say, "O followers of the Scripture, why do you reject these revelations of GOD, when GOD is witnessing everything you do?"
[3:99] Say, "O followers of the Scripture, why do you repel from the path of GOD those who wish to believe, and seek to distort it, even though you are witnesses?" GOD is never unaware of anything you do.
| |
[3:97] The Fifth Pillar of Islam, the requirement to perform the hajj, or formal pilgrimage to Mecca, is based on this ayat (and others). The purpose is to certify one's faith by following literally in the footsteps of Abraham, not to add anything to GOD. The contemporary hajj contains a number of additional formalities.
[3:98] This is another exhortation to the Jewish people to follow the beliefs and practices of their ancestors established by Abraham.
[3:99] Both contemporary Judaism and Christianity were seen by Muslims as a distortion of the beliefs and practices of the early Hebrews.
|
|
[3:100] O you who believe, if you obey some of those who received the Scripture, they will revert you, after having believed, into disbelievers.
| |
[3:100] The converts are warned not to be swayed by the arguments of their former fellow believers who will probably attempt to "reconvert" them.
|
|
[3:101] How can you disbelieve, when these revelations of GOD have been recited to you, and His Messenger has come to you? Whoever holds fast to GOD will be guided in the right path.
| |
[3:101] This is an emotional appeal to the Jewish people, a contrast between a reference to the religion of their venerable ancestors and "upstart" religions (Judaism and Christianity).
|
|
[3:102] O you who believe, you shall worship GOD as He should be worshipped, and do not die except as Submitters.
| |
[3:102] Those "on the fence" are warned not to delay their decision to convert until it is too late! If they die other than as Muslims, they will be lost.
|
|
[3:103] You shall hold fast to the rope of GOD, all of you, and do not be divided. Recall GOD's blessings upon you. You used to be enemies and He reconciled your hearts. By His grace, you became brothers. You were at the brink of a pit of fire, and He saved you. GOD thus explains His revelations for you for your instruction.
| |
[3:103] This is an example of the unifying force of Islam in Arabia. The Muslim converts were once members of nomadic tribes, constantly competing with one another, and destined for eternal damnation, but have been hauled back from the brink (by the "rope of GOD") made "brothers" by GOD's grace.
|
|
[3:104] Let there be a community of you who invite to what is good, advocate righteousness, and forbid evil. These are the victorious.
| |
[3:104] This is a sentiment also expressed in Christianity and Judaism. It can be found in {John 10:16 and 1 Corinthians 1:10}
|
|
[3:105] Do not be like those who became divided and disputed, despite the clear proofs that were given to them. For these have incurred a terrible retribution.
| |
[3:105] The argument continues with reference to the consequences of internal strife in a society facing external dangers.
|
|
[3:106] The day will come when some faces will be brightened (with joy), while other faces will be darkened (with misery). As for those whose faces are darkened, they will be asked, "Did you not disbelieve after believing? Therefore, suffer the retribution for your disbelief."
| |
[3:106] The Muslim concept of the hellish punishment of unbelievers almost exactly parallels that of those Christian religions that maintain that believing will keep a person out of it. The Catholic view is that Hell is reserved for those who die unrepentant of doing wicked things.
|
|
[3:107] As for those whose faces are brightened, they will rejoice in GOD's mercy; they abide therein forever.
| |
[3:107] This asserts that the rewards of heaven, like the punishments of Hell, are everlasting.
|
|
[3:108] These are GOD's revelations; we recite them to you, truthfully. GOD does not wish any hardship for the people.
| |
[3:108] "And that's the truth!" This is a statement very much like {John 21:24}, an assertion of the truth from one who knows.
|
|
[3:109] To GOD belongs everything in the heavens and everything on earth, and all matters are controlled by GOD.
| |
[3:109] This begins an exhortation to the Muslims of the new Islamic city-state of Medina to have faith in the face of the oppression of the neighboring tribes.
|
[3:110] You are the best community ever raised among the people: you advocate righteousness and forbid evil, and you believe in GOD. If the followers of the Scripture believed, it would be better for them. Some of them do believe, but the majority of them are wicked.
[3:111] They can never harm you, beyond insulting you. If they fight you, they will turn around and flee. They can never win.
| |
[3:110] The Medinites are praised for their virtue, and are urged to remain steadfast in the face of adversity. Their enemies are demonized and vilified, not unlike modern nations in conflict.
[3:111] This is obviously a morale-building speech, probably not only to Mohammed and his officers, but also the common people, who were still being persecuted by some of their neighbors.
|
[3:112] They shall be humiliated whenever you encounter them, unless they uphold GOD's covenant, as well as their peace covenants with you. They have incurred wrath from GOD, and, consequently, they are committed to disgrace. This is because they rejected GOD's revelations, and killed the prophets unjustly. This is because they disobeyed and transgressed.
[3:113] They are not all the same; among the followers of the Scripture, there are those who are righteous. They recite GOD's revelations through the night, and they fall prostrate.
[3:114] They believe in GOD and the Last Day, they advocate righteousness and forbid evil, and they hasten to do righteous works. These are the righteous.
| |
[3:112] Jews in the suburbs of Medina repudiated the treaties they had made with the Muslims and in some cases were infiltrating the Muslims militia in spite of the conciliatory attitude of the Muslims. After the Battle of Badr in AD 624, the Jews conspired with the Arabs to crush Medina utterly. Here the Muslim citizens of Medina are encouraged not to lose heart, because GOD is on their side.
[3:113-114] Here the Muslims are reminded that, although many of their former friends and allies (former neighbors and business partners still in Mecca) have conspired with their enemies, some of their neighbors, although they are not Muslims, are recognizable from their deeds as good and holy people, and are numbered by GOD among the righteous. See {Matthew 7:16-20, Luke 3:9; 6:43-44}
|
[3:115] Any good they do will not go unrewarded. GOD is fully aware of the righteous.
[3:116] Those who disbelieved can never be helped by their money or their children against GOD. They have incurred Hell, wherein they abide forever.
| |
[3:115] See {Matthew 16:27, Revelation 22:12}
[3:116] The Medina militia was outnumbered 3 to 1, and was no doubt doubly dismayed to see the wealth of military supplies of their enemies. Here they are told that these things don't matter.
|
[3:117] The example of their accomplishments in this life is like a violent wind that hits the harvest of people who have wronged their souls, and wipes it out. GOD never wronged them; it is they who wronged themselves.
[3:118] O you who believe, do not befriend outsiders who never cease to wish you harm; they even wish to see you suffer. Hatred flows out of their mouths and what they hide in their chests is far worse. We thus clarify the revelations for you, if you choose to understand.
[3:119] Here you are loving them, while they do not love you, and you believe in all the Scripture. When they meet you they say, "We believe," but as soon as they leave, they bite their fingers out of rage towards you. Say, "Die in your rage." GOD is fully aware of the innermost thoughts.
[3:120] When anything good comes your way they hurt, and when something bad happens to you they rejoice. If you steadfastly persevere, and maintain righteousness, their schemes will never hurt you. GOD is fully aware of everything they do.
| |
[3:117] The "violent wind" is the breath of GOD, which often saves His people from calamity {Genesis 8:1, Exodus 10:19; 14:21, Numbers 11:31, Jeremiah 51:1, Ezekiel 13:11-13} or demonstrates his power {Jonah 1:4; 4:8, Matthew 14:24-33, Mark 4:37-41; 6:48-51, Luke 8:23-25, John 6:18-21, Acts 2:2}.
[3:118] The "outsiders who never cease to wish you harm" were of the Quraish and other pagan tribes surrounding Medina, although the exhortation can be taken in a generic sense as a warning to be wary of unbelieving strangers.
[3:119] Many were former friends, partners, relatives and confederates of the people of Medina who maintained contact in order to infiltrate their forces, gather intelligence, or engage in other fifth column activities. "Die in your rage" is a powerful curse, directly opposed to "die in peace."
[3:120] The reaction to the fortunes of the Medina Muslims is a means of recognizing the spies and saboteurs. They do not rejoice in Muslim victory celebrations or lament at defeat of the Medina forces.
|
[3:121] Recall that you (Mohammed) were among your people when you set out to assign to the believers their positions for battle. GOD is Hearer, Omniscient.
[3:122] Two groups among you almost failed, but GOD was their Lord. In GOD the believers shall trust.
[3:123] GOD has granted you victory at Badr, despite your weakness. Therefore, you shall observe GOD, to show your appreciation.
[3:124] You told the believers, "Is it not enough that your Lord supports you with three thousand angels, sent down?"
[3:125] Indeed, if you steadfastly persevere and maintain righteousness, then they attack you suddenly, your Lord will support you with five thousand angels, well trained.
| |
[3:121-123] The Battle of Badr was a decisive Muslim victory in which 313 Muslims of Medina, under Mohammed, defeated the Quraish of Mecca, a force three times as large, under the command of Amr ibn Hashim, sometimes called Abu Jahl ("the Father of folly") by Mohammed. It was the first large scale engagement between the two forces and a turning point in Mohammed's struggle with his opponents. Read more about this battle in the introduction to Al-Anfal.
[3:124-125] The sheer force of the attack panicked the Quraish, who broke and ran. Nobody expected this, especially the Muslims, who were prepared for a long and costly battle. The remark about the angels was probably allegorical (See {Matthew 4:6, 11; 26:53, Mark 1:13, Luke 4:10; 16:22}), but is sometimes taken literally. See also [8:9].
|
[3:126] GOD thus informs you, in order to give you good news, and to assure your hearts. Victory comes only from GOD, the Almighty, Most Wise.
[3:127] He thus annihilates some disbelievers, or neutralizes them; they always end up among the lost.
[3:128] It is not up to you; He may redeem them, or He may punish them for their transgressions.
[3:129] To GOD belongs everything in the heavens and the earth. He forgives whomever He wills, and punishes whomever He wills. GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful.
| |
[3:126-128] The Battle of Badr was a stunning victory. Mohammed became a major political figure who consolidated his position in Medina and whom everyone in Arabia was forced to take seriously. The Muslims were elevated to a position of prestige they had never experienced before. The Banu Qaynuqa, one of the Jewish tribes at Medina that had been threatening Mohammed's political position were expelled, and Abdullah ibn Ubayy, Mohammed's chief opponent in Medina, lost virtually of his support. Afterward, he half-heartedly supported Mohammed. His several daughters and a single son became devout Muslims. See also Al-Anfal.
|
[3:130] O you who believe, you shall not take usury, compounded over and over. Observe GOD, that you may succeed.
[3:131] Beware of the hellfire that awaits the disbelievers.
[3:132] You shall obey GOD and the Messenger, that you may attain mercy.
[3:133] You should eagerly race towards forgiveness from your Lord and a Paradise whose width encompasses the heavens and the earth; it awaits the righteous,
[3:134] who give to charity whether in prosperity or in adversity. They thus control their emotions and are forgiving toward their fellow man. GOD loves the charitable.
| |
[3:130-132] The extraction of exorbitant rates of interest from the poor was just as much a means of exploiting them in Mohammed's time as it is in ours. Reasonable interest on loans (as agreed to by both parties) is permissible, as long as the debtor is treated fairly, but unfair practices (compounding interest over and over or forcing a debtor into bankruptcy by foreclosing on collateral) are forbidden. If the debtor cannot pay, the only moral options are to renegotiate the loan or forgive the debt. (See [2:275-280]).
[3:133] In addition to fairness in business dealings, one of the virtues of the righteous is repentance for past misdeeds. Charity, including forgiving debts, is considered an excellent means of doing this.
[3:134] Charity is also a virtue of the righteous, especially when it leads to a greater concern for one's neighbors. See {Mark 12:42-44, Luke 21:2-4}
|
[3:135] If they fall in sin or wrong their souls, they remember GOD and ask forgiveness for their sins (and who forgives the sins except GOD) and they do not persist in sins, knowingly.
[3:136] Their recompense is forgiveness from their Lord, and gardens with flowing streams; they abide therein forever. What a blessed reward for those who labor!
| |
[3:135] Even the virtuous occasionally falter, and when they do so, they are directed to ask GOD for forgiveness try not to make the same mistakes again.
[3:136] The everlasting reward that GOD will give to the virtuous is much more than they could ever hope to accomplish for themselves, certainly not the delightful oasis that is an allegory to Paradise.
|
[3:137] Precedents have been set for you in the past; roam the earth and note the consequences for the unbelievers.
[3:138] This is a proclamation for the people, and a guidance and enlightenment for the righteous.
[3:139] You shall not waver, nor shall you grieve, for you are the ultimate victors, if you are believers.
| |
[3:137-139] The essence of the Message of Mohammed was one of duty before GOD, concern for one's neighbor, care for the poor, civil rights for all (including women and children), self-control, and the practice of virtue. It was sorely needed in a society of unbridled greed, laissez faire capitalism, and oppression of the weak. One had only to look around in contemporary communities to see the benefits of living in an Islamic society.
|
[3:140] If you suffer hardship, the enemy also suffers the same hardship. We alternate the days of victory and defeat among the people. GOD thus distinguishes the true believers, and blesses some of you with martyrdom. GOD dislikes injustice.
[3:141] GOD thus toughens those who believe and humiliates the disbelievers.
[3:142] Do you expect to enter Paradise without GOD distinguishing those among you who strive, and without distinguishing those who are steadfast?
[3:143] You used to long for death before you had to face it. Now you have faced it, right before your eyes.
| |
[3:140-143] This probably refers to the catastrophic setback of the Battle of Uhud. A force of about 1000 under the command of Mohammed marched out of Medina to challenge an army made up of clans who had been vanquished at the Battle of Badr and wanted the revenge of annihilating Islam itself. Among the Muslim militia were over 300 who broke and ran, and thus contributing to defeat of the Muslim forces. The chief cause of the defeat, however, was the failure of discipline of the Muslim soldiers. Many of them believed, as a result of their success at Badr, that they were invincible. This discourse appears to be an explanation of the disaster and also a rebuke of those who believed, possibly as a consequence of the victory at Badr, that GOD would automatically make them victorious.
|
|
[3:144] Mohammed was no more than a Messenger like the messengers before him. Should he die or get killed, would you turn back on your heels? Anyone who turns back on his heels, does not hurt GOD in the least. GOD rewards those who are grateful.
| |
[3:144] This is probably part of the exhortation to the defeated Muslims not to lose heart, but to recognize that their courage will protect them. They are not to be overly concerned with Mohammed's safety, even though he was a wanted man.
|
|
[3:145] No one dies except by GOD's leave, at a predetermined time. Whoever seeks the vanities of this world, we give him therefrom, and whoever seeks the rewards of the Hereafter, we bless him therein. We reward the thankful.
| |
[3:145] The faithful are reminded that GOD is still in charge, and everything happens according to His plan. The Muslims must not be concerned with worldly cares or the transient fortunes of war. See {Matthew 6:31-34; 10:28-31, Luke 12:4, 29-33}.
|
|
[3:146] Many a prophet had godly people fight along with him, without ever wavering under pressure in the cause of GOD, nor did they hesitate or become discouraged. GOD loves the steadfast.
| |
[3:146] This was also true of the battles described in the Bible. See {Genesis 26:26-29, Exodus 14:9-30, Numbers 31:7-12, almost all of Joshua, 1 Samuel 14:52-15:8; 19:8, 2 Samuel 21:15-22, and others.}
|
[3:147] Their only utterance was, "Our Lord, forgive us our sins, and our transgressions, strengthen our foothold, and grant us victory over the disbelievers."
[3:148] Consequently, GOD granted them the rewards of this world, and the better rewards of the Hereafter. GOD loves those who do good.
[3:149] O you who believe, if you obey those who disbelieve, they will turn you back on your heels, then you end up among the lost.
[3:150] GOD alone is your Lord and Master, and He is the best supporter.
| |
[3:147] This is a sentiment similar to Matthew 6:12-13 and Luke 11:4}
[3:148] "Seek first the Kingdom" Matthew 6:33, Luke 12:31.
[3:149] The spies and saboteurs caused chaos in the Muslim militia. Mohammed himself was in such danger that his bodyguards slept in their armor!
[3:150] David, faced with similar crises, had similar thoughts. See {2 Samuel 22:3, Psalms 4:5; 5:11; 7:1; 17:7; 18:2, 30; 25:2, 20; 31:1, 6, 19; 34:22; 37:40; 52:8; 55:23; 56:4, 11; 71:1, 5; 115:9-11; 118:8, 9, etc.}
|
|
[3:151] We will throw terror into the hearts of those who disbelieved, since they set up besides GOD powerless idols. Their destiny is Hell; what a miserable abode for the unjust!
| |
[3:151] This may have been the theme, or possibly, the actual text, of Mohammed's speech just before the Battle of Uhud. The Muslims are on the side of GOD against the infidels who worship powerless idols.
|
|
[3:152] GOD has fulfilled His promise to you, and you defeated them by His leave. But then you wavered, disputed among yourselves, and disobeyed after He had shown you the victory you had longed for. But then, some of you became distracted by the spoils of this world, while others were rightly concerned with the Hereafter. He then diverted you from them to test you. He has pardoned you. GOD showers the believers with His grace.
| |
[3:152] The outcome of the battle, however, was not what the majority had expected. GOD did his part, by defeating the enemies of the just, but then some of the army started looting, some strayed from the battle plan, some sabotaged it, and some just deserted. The consequences of this chaos were, of course, inevitable. After the battle, there were probably those who were ashamed of their actions. They will be pardoned if they truly repent.
|
[3:153] Recall that you rushed (after the spoils), paying no attention to anyone, even when the Messenger was calling from behind you. Consequently, He substituted one misery for another, that you may not grieve over anything you had missed, or agonize over any hardship you had suffered. GOD is Cognizant of everything you do.
[3:154] After the setback, He sent down upon you peaceful slumber that pacified some of you. Others among you were selfishly concerned about themselves. They harbored thoughts about GOD that were not right, the same thoughts they had harbored during the days of ignorance. Thus, they said, "Is anything up to us?" Say, "Everything is up to GOD." they concealed inside themselves what they did not reveal to you. They said, "If it was up to us, none of us would have been killed in this battle." Say, "Had you stayed in your homes, those destined to be killed would have crawled into their death beds." GOD thus puts you to the test to bring out your true convictions, and to test what is in your hearts. GOD is fully aware of the innermost thoughts.
| |
[3:153] Some of the fighters became distracted and started looting while the battle was still going on, ignoring the directions of their officers. Their defeat, which deprived them not only of the booty, but also of the anticipated victory, was a lesson in humility as well as the undesirability of covetousness and disobedience to authority.
[3:154] The defeat at Uhud sorely tested the faith of the Muslim fighters who thought it would be an easy victory. Those who died heroically in battle were awarded the benefits of martyrs. Others decided that the battle had not been worth the price, and wondered whether it was wise to attempt it at all. Here the Koran chastises the doubters, comparing them to those who had not accepted Islam. It reminds them that GOD alone is the master of life and death. Those who were destined to die would have died anyway, whether in battle or at home. Disappointment is often a test of true faith, so they must therefore remain steadfast in the face of defeat.
|
|
[3:155] Surely, those among you who turned back the day the two armies clashed have been duped by the devil. This reflects some of the (evil) works they had committed. GOD has pardoned them. GOD is Forgiver, Clement.
| |
[3:155] This probably refers to those who turned back because they were afraid. They were not only victims of their own fear, but also of the saboteurs who had actively contributed to the defeat by spreading negative sentiments.
|
|
[3:156] O you who believe, do not be like those who disbelieved and said of their kinsmen who traveled or mobilized for war, "Had they stayed with us, they would not have died or gotten killed." GOD renders this a source of grief in their hearts. GOD controls life and death. GOD is Seer of everything you do.
| |
[3:156] "Had they stayed with us, they would not have died or gotten killed" is a frequent lament in any war. The faithful are reminded that this sentiment is unworthy of believers, and is a source of grief for those who entertain it. Both the survivors and the dead do the will of GOD, for it is He who controls life and death.
|
|
[3:157] Whether you get killed or die in the cause of GOD, the forgiveness from GOD, and mercy are far better than anything they hoard.
| |
[3:157] This is probably a rebuke to those who were dismayed at not being able to collect the booty they expected.
|
|
[3:158] So whether you die or get killed, you will be summoned before GOD.
| |
[3:158] Everyone will eventually come before GOD to be judged, whether they die naturally or in battle.
|
|
[3:159] It was mercy from GOD that you became compassionate towards them. Had you been harsh and mean-hearted, they would have abandoned you. Therefore, you shall pardon them and ask forgiveness for them, and consult them. Once you make a decision, carry out your plan, and trust in GOD. GOD loves those who trust in Him.
| |
[3:159] This appears to be an exhortation to the officers who continued to lead even though some of their troops misbehaved. The instruction here is that those who rejected their duty are to be pardoned and consulted regarding the next campaign, By doing so, the officers will inspire them by showing respect for them and confidence in their abilities.
|
|
[3:160] If GOD supports you, none can defeat you. And if He abandons you, who else can support you? In GOD the believers shall trust.
| |
[3:160] The victory in any future campaign, of course, depends not on leadership or bravery, but upon the support of GOD.
|
|
[3:161] Even the prophet cannot take more of the spoils of war than he is entitled to. Anyone who takes more than his rightful share will have to account for it on the Day of Resurrection. That is when each soul is paid for whatever it earned, without the least injustice.
| |
[3:161] The wages of armies of this time consisted in the booty they managed to capture in battle. The survivors are here enjoined not to squabble over the spoils of the battle, but to distribute it equitably among those who participated in the campaign.
|
[3:162] Is one who pursues GOD's pleasure the same as one who incurs wrath from GOD and his destiny is Hell, the most miserable abode?
[3:163] They certainly occupy different ranks at GOD. GOD is Seer of everything they do.
| |
[3:162-163] This may refer to those who deliberately attempted to confuse the battle. Even though they were members of the militia and so would ordinarily be entitled to veteran's benefits, they have no share in the spoils of war. Instead they deserve contempt and rejection for their evil acts.
|
[3:164] GOD has blessed the believers by raising in their midst a Messenger from among them, to recite for them His revelations, and to purify them, and to teach them the Scripture and wisdom. Before this, they had gone totally astray.
[3:165] Now that you have suffered a setback, and even though you inflicted twice as much suffering (upon your enemy), you said, "Why did this happen to us?" Say, "This is a consequence of your own deeds." GOD is Omnipotent.
| |
[3:164-165] This reiterates the moral basis for the defeat at Uhud. Prior to establishing the Muslim city-state of Medina, the inhabitants were an unenlightened rabble. The appearance of Mohammed and his Message gave them a new direction and purpose, from which they took hope that GOD would help them overcome their adversaries. Here they are reminded that even though they lost the battle because of their own lack of resolve and commitment to their faith, their enemies did not emerge from the battle unscathed, either.
|
|
[3:166] What afflicted you the day the two armies clashed was in accordance with GOD's will, and to distinguish the believers...
| |
[3:166] The defeat was therefore in accordance with the Will of GOD, to which they agreed to submit, and demonstrated the evil consequences of evil actions.
|
|
[3:167] ...and to expose the hypocrites who were told, "Come fight in the cause of GOD, or contribute." they said, "If we knew how to fight, we would have joined you." they were closer to disbelief then than they were to belief. They uttered with their mouths what was not in their hearts. GOD knows what they conceal.
| |
[3:167] The defeat also exposed the cowards, who up until this point had been part of the discussions among the military planners. When the battle was joined, they refused to fight, claiming that they didn't know how. They are here condemned as liars and hypocrites who are unworthy of the rewards reserved for the faithful.
|
[3:168] They said of their kinsmen, as they stayed behind, "Had they obeyed us, they would not have been killed." Say, "Then prevent your own death, if that is so."
[3:169] Do not think that those who are killed in the cause of GOD are dead; they are alive at their Lord, enjoying His provisions.
[3:170] They are rejoicing in GOD's grace, and they have good news for their comrades who did not die with them, that they have nothing to fear, nor will they grieve.
| |
[3:168] The deserters claimed that those who were killed died for nothing; they could have stayed alive by staying home. They are challenged to prevent their own death.
[3:169-170] The souls of martyrs go immediately into paradise. See also [36:26] and [44:56] This passage (and others) is often misinterpreted by those who think they can trick GOD into saving them in spite of lives of unrepentant sinfulness, by committing suicide on the pretext of "defending Islam." Any suicide is forbidden in [4:29]. See {Galatians 6:7-8}.
|
|
[3:171] They rejoice in GOD's blessings and grace, and the fact that GOD never fails to reward the believers.
| |
[3:171] This specifically refers to those who are killed in the cause of GOD," not those who kill themselves.
|
|
[3:172] For those who respond to GOD and the Messenger, despite the persecution they suffer, and maintain their good works, and lead a righteous life, a great reward.
| |
[3:172] All of who mobilized for the Battle of Uhud, and who persevere in their faith, even though they lost, or were killed, will receive the reward of the righteous.
|
|
[3:173] When the people say to them, "People have mobilized against you; you should fear them," this only strengthens their faith, and they say, "GOD suffices us; He is the best Protector."
| |
[3:173] The steadfast are not dismayed, even after a disastrous defeat, by the subsequent mobilization of their enemies., because they put their trust in GOD and know that He protects them.
|
|
[3:174] They have deserved GOD's blessings and grace. No harm ever touches them, for they have attained GOD's approval. GOD possesses infinite grace.
| |
[3:174] As a result, they obtain approval from GOD. Regardless of what subsequently happens to them, He protects them from real harm. See {Matthew 10:28}.
|
|
[3:175] It is the devil's strategy to instill fear into his subjects. Do not fear them and fear Me instead, if you are believers.
| |
[3:175] Those who allow themselves to succumb to fear become the minions of the devil. The faithful will be in awe only of GOD.
|
|
[3:176] Do not be saddened by those who hasten to disbelieve. They never hurt GOD in the least. Instead, GOD has willed that they will have no share in the Hereafter. They have incurred a terrible retribution.
| |
[3:176] As for those who abandon their faith out of fear of coming tribulation, their only true victims are themselves, for they have no part in the reward of those who persist in faithfulness and courage.
|
|
[3:177] Those who choose disbelief, instead of belief, do not hurt GOD in the least; they have incurred a painful retribution.
| |
[3:177] GOD, of course, is not affected by their disbelief. They hurt only themselves by abandoning their faith when they face a decisive test.
|
|
[3:178] Let not the disbelievers think that we lead them on for their own good. We only lead them on to confirm their sinfulness. They have incurred a humiliating retribution.
| |
[3:178] This a warning to the spies and saboteurs who did not desert, but participated in the battle, hoping to frustrate the tactics of the devout. Here they are told that they will eventually be found out.
|
|
[3:179] GOD is not to leave the believers as you are, without distinguishing the bad from the good. Nor does GOD inform you of the future, but GOD bestows such knowledge upon whomever He chooses from among His messengers. Therefore, you shall believe in GOD and His messengers. If you believe and lead a righteous life, you receive a great recompense.
| |
[3:179] When the unbelievers (possibly, in this context, the hypocrites) are exposed, they will be denied the benefits that accrue only to the faithful. If they are planning on never being found out, they will incur the additional misfortune of having their plans frustrated. The believers are reminded that GOD rewards the just, just as he punishes the evildoers.
|
|
[3:180] Let not those who withhold and hoard GOD's provisions think that this is good for them; it is bad for them. For they will carry their hoardings around their necks on the Day of Resurrection. GOD is the ultimate inheritor of the heavens and the earth. GOD is fully Cognizant of everything you do.
| |
[3:180] Those who take more than their share of the provisions (booty? military supplies? civilian rations?) available to them, even if they get away with it, do so to their own condemnation. GOD knows what they are doing and will deal accordingly with them on the Day of the Resurrection.
|
|
[3:181] GOD has heard the utterances of those who said, "GOD is poor, while we are rich." We will record everything they said, just as we recorded their killing of the prophets unjustly, and we will say, "Suffer the retribution of Hell.
| |
[3:181] GOD knows who enriched themselves at the expense of others, or who did not discharge their responsibility to share available provisions. They condemned themselves just as much as if they had murdered the prophets.
|
|
[3:182] "This is the consequence of your own works." GOD is never unjust towards the people.
| |
[3:182] GOD does not condemn anyone to Hell; the damned are condemned by their own actions.
|
[3:183] It is they who said, "GOD has made a covenant with us that we shall not believe in any Messenger, unless he produces an offering that gets consumed by fire." Say, "Messengers before me have come to you with clear proofs, including what you just demanded. Why then did you kill them, if you are truthful?"
[3:184] If they reject you, messengers before you have been rejected, even though they brought proofs, the Psalms, and the enlightening Scripture.
| |
[3:183] The image of GOD as fire occurs numerous times in the Bible, from {Genesis 19:24 to Revelation 20:9}. However, GOD is not bound to demonstrate His presence or His power in this way simply to satisfy the incredulity of the unbelievers, who persist in killing the prophets. See {Matthew 23:30-37, Luke 6:23-26; 11:47-50; 13:34}
[3:184] Rejecting and killing the prophets is therefore nothing new.
|
|
[3:185] Every person tastes death, then you receive your recompense on the Day of Resurrection. Whoever misses Hell, barely, and makes it to Paradise, has attained a great triumph. The life of this world is no more than an illusion.
| |
[3:185] This ayat begins the summation of this sura. The faithful are reminded of the inevitability of death. The purpose of life is to eventually receive the reward of Paradise, even if it must be gained at the cost of one's life.
|
|
[3:186] You will certainly be tested, through your money and your lives, and you will hear from those who received the Scripture, and from the idol worshippers, a lot of insult. If you steadfastly persevere and lead a righteous life, this will prove the strength of your faith.
| |
[3:186] The faithful will be tested by being required to risk, and perhaps forfeit, their fortunes as well as their lives. They will be persecuted by the Jews and idol worshippers. The faithful who steadfastly persevere through all of these trials will be achieve the ultimate victory.
|
|
[3:187] GOD took a covenant from those who received the Scripture: "You shall proclaim it to the people, and never conceal it." But they disregarded it behind their backs, and traded it away for a cheap price. What a miserable trade.
| |
[3:187] They are here warned not to imitate the Jews and Christians who were given the Scriptures long ago by GOD but did not follow them. They forfeited the spiritual reward they were promised in favor of a temporal one.
|
|
[3:188] Those who boast about their works, and wish to be praised for something they have not really done, should not think that they can evade the retribution. They have incurred a painful retribution.
| |
[3:188] Even though some people receive public adulation and credit for the works of others, theirs is only a fleeting reward; they cannot avoid GOD's punishment for their dishonesty and self-gratification.
|
|
[3:189] To GOD belongs the sovereignty of the heavens and the earth. GOD is Omnipotent.
| |
[3:189] This is because GOD is in control of everything that happens in heaven and on earth.
|
|
[3:190] In the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the alternation of night and day, there are signs for those who possess intelligence.
| |
[3:190] His power and glory are manifested in the wonder of his works, and can be seen by those who have the intelligence to appreciate them.
|
|
[3:191] They remember GOD while standing, sitting, and on their sides, and reflect upon the creation of heaven and earth: "Our Lord, You did not create all this in vain. Be You glorified. Save us from the retribution of Hell.
| |
[3:191] The intelligent faithful are the ones who constantly keep in mind that, whatever happens to them, GOD is has a plan for them, part of which is to enjoy Paradise forever and to be saved from Hell.
|
|
[3:192] "Our Lord, whomever You commit to Hell are the ones You have forsaken. Such transgressors have no helpers.
| |
[3:192] Those who end up in Hell have been forsaken by GOD. There is no one or nothing able to save them from the consequences of their misdeeds.
|
|
[3:193] "Our Lord, we have heard a caller calling to faith and proclaiming: 'You shall believe in your Lord,' and we have believed. Our Lord, forgive us our transgressions, remit our sins, and let us die as righteous believers.
| |
[3:193] GOD's voice calls all those who have persevered in their faith. The sura ends with a prayer that GOD will forgive their offenses and take away the guilt of their sins so to give them the blessing of dying a righteous death.
|
|
[3:194] "Our Lord, shower us with the blessings you promised us through Your messengers, and do not forsake us on the Day of Resurrection. You never break a promise."
| |
[3:194] It asks GOD to fulfill His promise of abundant blessings that his messengers have promised for those who believe and to remember them on the Day of Resurrection.
|
|
[3:195] Their Lord responded to them: "I never fail to reward any worker among you for any work you do, be you male or female, you are equal to one another. Thus, those who immigrate, and get evicted from their homes, and are persecuted because of Me, and fight and get killed, I will surely remit their sins and admit them into gardens with flowing streams." Such is the reward from GOD. GOD possesses the ultimate reward.
| |
[3:195] The prayer is answered by GOD essentially by reiterating His promises. He will reward everyone for his or her good deeds without discrimination. This includes especially those who are persecuted, or who fight persecution and die in the process. He will admit them into Paradise just as he promised, for the reward of the faithful service of GOD is the ultimate one that only He can bestow.
|
|
[3:196] Do not be impressed by the apparent success of disbelievers.
| |
[3:196] The faithful are warned again not to be misled by the apparent success of their adversaries...
|
|
[3:197] They only enjoy temporarily, then end up in Hell; what a miserable destiny!
| |
[3:197] ...because they will ultimately incur the retribution that they deserve,...
|
|
[3:198] As for those who observe their Lord, they have deserved gardens with flowing streams; they abide therein forever. Such is the abode given to them by GOD. What GOD possesses is far better for the righteous.
| |
[3:198] ...as the righteous will reap the reward reserved for those who persevere. This eternal reward, to reside in Paradise, is far better than any temporary benefit their enemies might enjoy.
|
|
[3:199] Surely, some followers of the previous Scriptures do believe in GOD, and in what was revealed to you, and in what was revealed to them. They reverence GOD, and they never trade away GOD's revelations for a cheap price. These will receive their recompense from their Lord. GOD is the most efficient in reckoning.
| |
[3:199] Also included with the faithful who will be rewarded for their good works are practicing Jews and Christians ("followers of the previous Scriptures") who, along with Muslims, remain steadfast in the faith that has been revealed to them. They, too guard themselves against worldly temptations and remain true to the worship of the One, True GOD.
|
|
[3:200] O you who believe, you shall be steadfast, you shall persevere, you shall be united, you shall observe GOD, that you may succeed.
| |
[3:200] The sura ends with a promise of ultimate victory to those believers in the Message of Mohammed who remain steadfast in their faith.
|
|
*There is a story in the Apocrypha {Daniel 13} about beautiful Susanna, who was convicted of adultery on the sworn statements of two Judges of Israel, both of whom wanted revenge for her having piously rejected their lecherous advances. She was sentenced to death solely on their joint testimony. The Prophet Daniel, knowing Susanna to be a good and holy woman, questioned the judges individually and demonstrated that their stories contradicted each other.
The story concludes: "'Your fine lie has cost you also your head,' said Daniel; 'for the angel of GOD waits with a sword to cut you in two so as to make an end of you both.' the whole assembly cried aloud, blessing GOD who saves those that hope in Him. They rose up against the two elders, for by their own words Daniel had convicted them of perjury. According to the law of Moses, they inflicted on them the penalty they had plotted to impose on their neighbor: they put them to death. Thus was innocent blood spared that day." (i.e. "Susanna, don't you cry!")
|
|
[4:16] The couple who commits adultery shall be punished. *If they repent and reform, you shall leave them alone. GOD often returns to mercy, the Most Merciful.
| |
[4:16] Fornicating couples (teenagers?) are not so much a public health risk, and must be punished (possibly by ridicule) and then forgiven if they repent. (The maximum punishment was 100 lashes!)
|
|
[4:17] Repentance is acceptable by GOD from those who fall in sin out of ignorance, then repent immediately thereafter. GOD redeems them. GOD is Omniscient, Most Wise.
| |
[4:17] Repentance must be genuine to be effective. The sinner must be truly sorry immediately after committing a sin, or after learning that something he did was forbidden or immoral.
|
[4:18] Not acceptable is the repentance of those who commit sins until death comes to them, then say, "Now I repent." Nor is it acceptable from those who die as disbelievers. For these, we have prepared a painful retribution.
[4:19] O you who believe, it is not lawful for you to take widows against their will. You shall not force them to give up anything they inherited from your kinsmen, unless they commit a proven indecency. You shall treat them kindly. If you reject them, you may be rejecting something wherein GOD has placed a lot of good.
[4:20] If you wish to take one wife in place of another, and you have given any of them a large treasure, you shall not take back anything you have given. Would you take it fraudulently, maliciously, and sinfully?
[4:21] How could you take it back, after you have been intimate with each other, and they had taken a solemn vow?
| |
[4:18] One cannot use the claim of repentance as "fire insurance," time after time, without truly reforming their lives. Their punishment is the same as those who do wicked things and do not repent at all.
[4:19] Muslim families are here encouraged to care for their widows. Jewish law required brothers to marry their brothers' widows. {Deuteronomy 25:5-6}. Since widows inherit property from their husbands, ([4:11]) there is a strong incentive to marry them to keep their property in the family. Unless they disgrace the family, they are to be allowed to do what they wish, and be cared for as necessary by other family members.
[4:20] This may pertain to divorcing one woman to marry another, or to the order of precedence of multiple wives. A man is not allowed to take from one wife to give to another he likes better.
[4:21] Consummation of the marriage is considered a ratification of the whole marriage contract.
|
|
[4:22] Do not marry the women who were previously married to your fathers - existing marriages are exempted and shall not be broken - for it is a gross offense, and an abominable act.
| |
[4:22] One is permitted to marry his brother's widow, but not his father's (i. e, his stepmother), but existing marriages are not annulled by this rule. St. Paul rebuked the Corinthians for this {1 Corinthians 5:1}.
|
|
[4:23] Forbidden to you are your mothers, your daughters, your sisters, your paternal and maternal aunts, your nieces, your nurses and the girls who nursed from the same woman as you, your mothers in law, and the daughters of your wives with whom you have consummated marriage. If the marriage has not been consummated, you may marry the daughter as well. Also prohibited for you are the women who were married to your genetic sons. Also, you shall not marry two sisters at the same time, but do not break up existing marriages to sisters. GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful.
| |
[4:23] Mahram are women who are forbidden. This protects against the genetic defects arising from incest and the problems resulting from two related women sharing the same home. (One may not marry his stepdaughter or granddaughter, but he is allowed to marry a woman and her daughter at the same time.) Marrying a woman with an eligible daughter could leave the unmarried daughter without a home. Marrying the daughter (rather than creating the sexual tensions involved in bringing an adult single woman into one's home) is a logical solution.
|
|
[4:24] Also prohibited are the women who are already married, except those whom your right hands possess. These are GOD's commandments to you. All other categories are permitted for you in marriage, so long as you pay them their due dowries. You shall maintain your morality, by not committing adultery. Thus, whoever you like among them, you shall pay them the dowry decreed for them. You commit no error by mutually agreeing to any adjustments to the dowry. GOD is Omniscient, Most Wise.
| |
[4:24] Muslim men are required to treat all of their sexual partners with respect. Wives are to be allowed to keep any property given to them. Relationship with any other women is subject to the established rules for each, however these are not to be used to justify adultery or fornication (zina). Wives are free to negotiate with their husbands regarding individual property rights (to establish joint ownership, for example), but are not to be deprived of their rights or property by force.
|
|
[4:25] Those among you who cannot afford to marry free believing women, may marry believing slave women. GOD knows best about your belief, and you are equal to one another, as far as belief is concerned. You shall obtain permission from their guardians before you marry them, and pay them their due dowry equitably. They shall maintain moral behavior, by not committing adultery, or having secret lovers. Once they are freed through marriage, if they commit adultery, their punishment shall be half of that for the free women. Marrying a slave shall be a last resort for those unable to wait. To be patient is better for you. GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful.
| |
[4:25] The evils of slavery make it more appropriate for a believer to marry a free woman than a slave, but a believing wife is preferred to unbelieving ones of any social order. If a man marries a slave he must obtain the master's permission (unless, of course, he already owns her). In any case, he must treat his slave wife just as fairly as he would a free one. This is not license for slaves to fornicate, although a slave emancipated by marriage (possibly by a new husband purchasing her) is considered to be less guilty of adultery than one born free, because of the degrading effects of her previous unwholesome experiences and lack of education.
|
|
[4:26] GOD wills to explain things for you, and to guide you through past precedents, and to redeem you. GOD is Omniscient, Most Wise.
| |
[4:26] Marriage laws in the Koran took into account the practices of the prevailing cultures, eventually to arrive at more just and moral practices.
|
|
[4:27] GOD wishes to redeem you, while those who pursue their lusts wish that you deviate a great deviation.
| |
[4:27] The sexually promiscuous oppose GOD by wanting the Muslims to behave as they do.
|
[4:28] GOD wishes to lighten your burden, for the human being is created weak.
[4:29] O you who believe, do not consume each others' properties illicitly - only mutually acceptable transactions are permitted. You shall not kill yourselves. GOD is Merciful towards you.
[4:30] Anyone who commits these transgressions, maliciously and deliberately, we will condemn him to Hell. This is easy for GOD to do.
[4:31] If you refrain from committing the deadly sins that are prohibited for you, we will remit your sins, and admit you an honorable admittance.
| |
[4:28] The rules for marriage (especially term marriages, nikah mut'ah) are therefore somewhat less than optimum. See {Matthew 19:3-12}.
[4:29] This rule prohibits unfair business transactions and specifically prohibits any form of suicide.
[4:30] Violation of this rule is a grave sin. GOD finds it "easy" to condemn transgressors because their wickedness deserves the torments of Hell.
[4:31] There are deadly sins and then there are sins "not deadly." Guilt arising from the "not deadly" ones are capable of remission by an otherwise sinless life. See {1 John 5:16-17}.
|
[4:32] You shall not covet the qualities bestowed upon each other by GOD; the men enjoy certain qualities, and the women enjoy certain qualities. You may implore GOD to shower you with His grace. GOD is fully aware of all things.
[4:33] For each of you, we have designated shares from the inheritance left by the parents and the relatives. Also those related to you through marriage, you shall give them their due share. GOD witnesses all things.
| |
[4:32] This is an exhortation to respect each gender for its unique qualities, and possibly a condemnation of homosexual desires. One with such inclinations is encouraged to ask for help from GOD.
[4:33] The rules of inheritance are specified in [4:7] and following. "Those related to you through marriage" do not include term wives unless the contract specifies conditions for inheritance and identifies the heirs involved.
|
|
[4:34] The men are made responsible for the women, and GOD has endowed them with certain qualities, and made them the bread earners. The righteous women will cheerfully accept this arrangement, since it is GOD's commandment, and honor their husbands during their absence. If you experience rebellion from the women, you shall first talk to them, then you may desert them in bed, then you may beat them. If they obey you, you are not permitted to transgress against them. GOD is Most High, Supreme.
| |
[4:34] Because the natural function of men is to provide for the physical needs of women immobilized by childbearing, (all) men have a natural responsibility to care for (all) women by working to support them. Obedient women will see this as the natural order of things, and will remain faithful to their provider husbands, even during times of separation. Disobedient women are to be reasoned with, hopefully to be convinced. If that doesn't work, they can be denied sex. They may be physically punished only if all else fails.
|
|
Considering the contemporary treatment of women, this is a powerful extension of women's rights. Those here enumerated are far more extensive than those of Judaism or Christianity at that time. Although this statement is often referenced by bigots trying to find Koranic justification for their hatred of Muslims, it does not say that husbands are allowed to beat their wives, even though Jews, Christians and pagans in the same culture were allowed to beat their wives. This ayat pertains only to family relationships in the context of faithful religious practice. Faced with a similar concern six centuries previously in the emerging Christian communities of Corinth and Ephesus, St. Paul laid down similar guidelines {1 Corinthians 7:3, 10-11, 26-28, 39, Ephesians 5:22-33}, as did Peter {1 Peter 3:7}. This ayat also has nothing to do with the Muslim viewpoint regarding women in business, law, politics, or the arts. The entire theme of the entire sura is women's rights that were essentially nonexistent prior to the time of Mohammed.
|
[4:35] If a couple fears separation, you shall appoint an arbitrator from his family and an arbitrator from her family; if they decide to reconcile, GOD will help them get together. GOD is Omniscient, Cognizant.
[4:36] You shall worship GOD alone, not any other object. You shall show due regard for parents, relatives, the orphans, the poor, your clansmen, the unrelated neighbor, the close associate, the traveling alien, and your slaves and captives (those whom your right hands possess). GOD does not like those who are proud and arrogant, ...
[4:37] ...the ones who are stingy, exhort the people to be stingy, and hide the wealth that GOD has bestowed upon them from His bounties. We have prepared for these disbelievers a shameful retribution.
[4:38] They give money to charity only to show off, while disbelieving in GOD and the Last Day. If one's companion is the devil, that is the worst companion.
[4:39] Why do they not believe in GOD and the Last Day, and give from GOD's provisions to them? GOD is fully aware of them.
[4:40] GOD does not inflict an atom's weight of injustice. On the contrary, He multiplies the reward manifold for the righteous work, and grants from Him a great recompense.
[4:41] Thus, when the day (of judgment) comes, we will call upon a witness from each community, and you (the Messenger) will serve as a witness among these people.
| |
[4:35] Divorce is an option of last resort, an "evil practice" in [2:102]. Marriage counseling is done by both families, and reconciliation with GOD's help is the preferred outcome. See also [4:148] and {Matthew 5:32; 19:8-10, Mark 10:4-9, Luke 16:18}.
[4:36] Muslims are commanded to treat all persons regardless of their religion respectfully, not as people of a lower class. This includes slaves and captives, who are of a lower class, but have no recourse against their oppressors. This admonition is, of course directly contrary to the popular lie that Muslims are supposed to hate and murder people who don't agree with them.
[4:37] Part of respectful treatment of the poor and disadvantaged is charitable contribution toward their welfare. In addition to the obligatory charity, zakat, Muslims are encouraged to go beyond what is strictly necessary.
[4:38] Jesus didn't think much of these people, either. See {Matthew 6:1-4, Mark 12:41-44, Luke 21:4}.
[4:39] The exhortation here is to order priorities. See {Matthew 6:19-21; 19:21-24, Mark 10:21-23, Luke 12:16-21, 33-34; 18:22-25}.
[4:40] GOD will reward him who gives until it hurts.
[4:41] Mohammed, who has been appointed the Messenger of the Word of GOD to the world, will also be appointed the judge of the extent to which each person has followed it.
|
[4:42] On that day, those who disbelieved and disobeyed the Messenger will wish that they were level with the ground; not a single utterance will they be able to hide from GOD.
[4:43] O you who believe, do not observe the Necessary prayers while intoxicated, so that you know what you are saying. Nor after sexual orgasm without bathing, unless you are on the road, traveling; if you are ill or traveling, or you had urinary or fecal-related excretion, or sexual contact with women, and you cannot find water, you shall observe Tayammum (dry ablution) by touching clean dry soil, then wiping your faces and hands therewith. GOD is Pardoner, Forgiver.
| |
[4:42] On the last day, all will rise to be judged. The faithless and disobedient will wish they were still dead.
[4:43] Muslims are taught to approach GOD in prayer only with reverence. They use prayer rugs to be symbolically on holy ground and remove their shoes as a sign of respect. {Exodus 3:5}. Here they are enjoined to be as sober and clean as they can. Of course, in a desert, cleanliness is relative, for there is little water for bathing and toilet paper simply doesn't exist. Nevertheless, one must be mindful of the necessity for purity, and observe the rituals to the extent possible. (See [5:56]) This was a most important aspect of the moral and social identity of the emerging Muslim community.
|
|
[4:44] Have you noted those who received a portion of the Scripture, and how they choose to stray, and wish that you stray from the path?
| |
[4:44] The Muslims are here warned to be on their guard against the seditious local Jews who had made treaties with the Medina community.
|
|
[4:45] GOD knows best who your enemies are. GOD is the only Lord and Master. GOD is the only Supporter.
| |
[4:45] The faithful had to be constantly alert; only GOD knew who were plotting to destroy them.
|
|
[4:46] Among those who are Jewish, some distort the words beyond the truth, and they say, "We hear, but we disobey," and "Your words are falling on deaf ears," and "Raa'ena (be our shepherd)," as they twist their tongues to mock the religion. Had they said, "We hear, and we obey," and "We hear you," and "Unzurna (watch over us)," it would have been better for them, and more righteous. Instead, they have incurred condemnation from GOD due to their disbelief. Consequently, the majority of them cannot believe.
| |
[4:46] See [2:104]. "Raa'ena" sounded like a dirty word to the Arab converts, possibly because of differences in pronunciation of Arabic and Aramaic or Hebrew, or because of petty attempts by both groups to be irritating to each other. This is probably a minor difference not unlike "forgive us our debts" versus "trespasses" versus "sins" in the recitation of the Lord's Prayer {Matthew 6:12, Luke 11:4}. Nevertheless, it was a point of contention between the Arab and Jewish converts, and was best avoided.
|
|
[4:47] O you who received the Scripture, you shall believe in what we reveal herein, confirming what you have, before we banish certain faces to exile, or condemn them as we condemned those who desecrated the Sabbath. GOD's command is done.
| |
[4:47] This last warning to the troublesome Jews was given before the Banu Nadir were exiled from Medina. They had been causing no end of trouble for the Muslim community in spite of their peace treaties, and were finally expelled.
|
[4:48] GOD does not forgive idolatry, *but He forgives lesser offenses for whomever He wills. Anyone who sets up idols beside GOD, has forged a horrendous offense.
[4:49] Have you noted those who exalt themselves? Instead, GOD is the One who exalts whomever He wills, without the least (literally, "the husk of a date stone") injustice.
[4:50] Note how they fabricate lies about GOD; what a gross offense this is!
[4:51] Have you noted those who received a portion of the Scripture, and how they believe in idolatry and false doctrine, then say, "The disbelievers are better guided than the believers?!"
[4:52] It is they who incurred GOD's condemnation, and whomever GOD condemns, you will not find any helper for him.
[4:53] Do they own a share of the sovereignty? If they did, they would not give the people as much as a grain.
[4:54] Are they envious of the people because GOD has showered them with His blessings? We have given Abraham's family the Scripture, and wisdom; we granted them a great authority.
[4:55] Some of them believed therein, and some of them repelled therefrom; Hell is the only just retribution for the disbelievers.
| |
[4:48] The idea is not that idol worshippers cannot be forgiven, but that those who persist in idolatry until death die condemned. Moses was concerned with the same problem. {Leviticus 19:4, 26:1}.
[4:49-50] Another example of "the first being last" as also expressed in {Matthew 19:30; 20:16, Mark 9:35; 10:31, Luke 13:30.
[4:51-53] This may refer to the Christians ("who received a portion of the Scripture") who maintained the sovereignty of the Church and the divinity of Jesus, which Islam considers idolatry. (See [4:171]) the idea of ordained ministers is also at odds with Islam, which has nothing like the Christian practice of the "laying on of hands" {Acts 6:6; 8:17-19; 13:3; 19:6, Hebrews 6:2} which is believed to confer the Spirit of GOD, based on the works of Jesus in {Matthew 19:13, 15, Mark 5:23; 6:5; 8:23, 25; 10:16; 16:18, Luke 4:40; 13:13}.
[4:54] This is possibly an appeal to the belief among the Jewish converts that their racial heritage made them better than the gentile Christians. Many Jews felt superior to gentiles because Abraham was their ancestor. See {Luke 13:16; 19:9, John 8:33, 39} Christian preachers appealed to this same prejudice. {Acts 13:26, Romans 4:16; 11:1, 2 Corinthians 11:22, Galatians 3:7-9, 28}.
[4:55] It is not one's ancestry that saves him, but the devout practice of his faith.
|
[4:56] Surely, those who disbelieve in our revelations, we will condemn them to the Hellfire. Whenever their skins are burnt, we will give them new skins. Thus, they will suffer continuously. GOD is Almighty, Most Wise.
[4:57] As for those who believe and lead a righteous life, we will admit them into gardens with flowing streams; they abide therein forever. They will have pure spouses therein. We will admit them into a blissful shade.
| |
[4:56] Muslim descriptions of the tortures of Hell are remarkably similar to those employed against them by the Spanish Inquisition they are also depicted in descriptions of Hell in Renaissance art and modern Protestant literature.
[4:57] These are contrasted with the delights of Paradise, which are promised to (hopefully) honest leaders who were being appointed in the community at this time.
|
|
[4:58] GOD commands you to give back anything the people have entrusted to you. If you judge among the people, you shall judge equitably. The best enlightenment indeed is what GOD recommends for you. GOD is Hearer, Seer.
| |
[4:58] The appointees are enjoined to do what is just and right, and to obey GOD and His Messenger and those entrusted with the conduct of the affairs of the community, including the settlement of disputes.
|
[4:59] O you who believe, you shall obey GOD, and you shall obey the Messenger, and those in charge among you. If you dispute in any matter, you shall refer it to GOD and the Messenger, if you do believe in GOD and the Last Day. This is better for you, and provides you with the best solution.
[4:60] Have you noted those who claim that they believe in what was revealed to you, and in what was revealed before you, then uphold the unjust laws of their idols? They were commanded to reject such laws. Indeed, it is the devil's wish to lead them far astray.
| |
[4:59] This is an exhortation to the Muslim faithful to settle differences in a civilized manner, by appeal to authority and the rules and practices for social responsibility already laid down by GOD. Any other practice of settling disputes will lead to social disintegration and ultimate disaster.
[4:60] The influence of Islamic law may not have penetrated completely into the daily lives or the courts of those recently converted. Here the undesirable effects of that situation are noted.
|
|
[4:61] When they are told, "Come to what GOD has revealed, and to the Messenger," you see the hypocrites shunning you completely.
| |
[4:61] The true colors of the hypocrites are revealed by their refusal to submit to arbitration to settle their differences.
|
|
[4:62] How will it be when a disaster hits them, as a consequence of their own works? They will come to you then and swear by GOD: "Our intentions were good and righteous!"
| |
[4:62] When the consequences of their actions catch up with them, they will attempt to defend their behavior with the excuse that they believed they were doing what they were supposed to.
|
[4:63] GOD is fully aware of their innermost intentions. You shall ignore them, enlighten them, and give them good advice that may save their souls.
[4:64] We did not send any Messenger except to be obeyed in accordance with GOD's will. Had they, when they wronged their souls, come to you and prayed to GOD for forgiveness, and the Messenger prayed for their forgiveness, they would have found GOD Redeemer, Most Merciful.
[4:65] Never indeed, by your Lord; they are not believers unless they come to you to judge in their disputes, then find no hesitation in their hearts whatsoever in accepting your judgment. They must submit a total submission.
[4:66] Had we decreed for them: "You must offer your lives," or "Give up your homes," they would not have done it, except for a few of them. (Even if such a command was issued), had they done what they were commanded to do, it would have been better for them, and would prove the strength of their faith.
[4:67] And we would have granted them a great recompense.
[4:68] And we would have guided them in the right path.
[4:69] Those who obey GOD and the Messenger belong with those blessed by GOD - the prophets, the saints, the martyrs, and the righteous. These are the best company.
| |
[4:63] The hypocrites should be ignored as long as they persist in their wickedness, but admonished and instructed if they repent.
[4:64] The believer must submit to authority, and those who come to believe and turn from their sinful ways by doing the same and asking for forgiveness find GOD merciful toward them.
[4:65] A test of the loyalty of the believers, including recent converts, is that they submit to authority totally, without reservation.
[4:66-68] Submission to authority is a reasonable expectation, not like martyrdom or being required to leave one's home. The converts therefore did not have much reason to complain that the requirements of their new religion were too hard to observe. Of course, such requirements could have been imposed by GOD, and those who fulfilled them would have received a commensurate reward from Him. (Not that this does not say that leaving one's home for the purpose of getting himself killed somehow makes GOD save him!)
[4:69] It usually unnecessary for one to make suchgreat sacrifices to be counted among the blessed of GOD, which includes the prophets, saints, martyrs and all other good people. It is sufficient to obey GOD's commands. However, see [4:71] and following, below.
|
[4:70] Such is the blessing from GOD; GOD is the best Knower.*
[4:71] O you who believe, you shall remain alert, and mobilize as individuals, or mobilize all together.
[4:72] Surely, there are those among you who would drag their feet, then, if a setback afflicts you, they would say, "GOD has blessed me that I was not martyred with them."
| |
[4:70] *"the best Knower" is one of the names of GOD.
[4:71] Sometimes the faithful are called upon to make great sacrifices, and must be ready to do so.
[4:72] It is certainly not a blessing to be spared death in battle because one is a coward, even though the cowards themselves may claim that they are "blessed" by not being killed in battle.
|
[4:73] But if you attain a blessing from GOD, they would say, as if no friendship ever existed between you and them, "I wish I was with them, so I could share in such a great victory."
[4:74] Those who readily fight in the cause of GOD are those who forsake this world in favor of the Hereafter. Whoever fights in the cause of GOD, then gets killed, or attains victory, we will surely grant him a great recompense.
| |
[4:73] Those killed in defense of their communities are martyrs for their faith. The coward will not understand this blessing, and will wish that he was on the other side to share in their victory even though it was against their former neighbors and friends.
[4:74] The truly blessed are those who support their communities in just causes. Even if they are killed, they receive the reward of the brave.
|
[4:75] Why should you not fight in the cause of GOD when weak men, women, and children are imploring: "Our Lord, deliver us from this community whose people are oppressive, and be You our Lord and Master."
[4:76] Those who believe are fighting for the cause of GOD, while those who disbelieve are fighting for the cause of tyranny. Therefore, you shall fight the devil's allies; but the devil is powerless.
[4:77] Have you noted those who were told, "You do not have to fight; all you need to do is observe the Necessary prayers and give the obligatory charity (zakat)," then, when fighting was decreed for them, they feared the people as much as they feared GOD, or even more? They said, "Our Lord, why did You force this fighting on us? If only You respite us for awhile!" Say, "The materials of this world are as nothing, while the Hereafter is far better for the righteous, and you never suffer the slightest (literally: "husk of a date stone") injustice."
[4:78] Wherever you are, death will catch up with you, even if you live in formidable castles. When something good happens to them, they say, "This is from GOD," and when something bad afflicts them, they blame you. Say, "Everything comes from GOD." Why do these people misunderstand almost everything?
[4:79] Anything good that happens to you is from GOD, and anything bad that happens to you is from you.
| |
[4:75] The believer has an obligation to protect the weak and helpless by participating in their defense.
[4:76] Islam permits only defensive warfare (See [2:190]), therefore, any war is against those who do not follow this rule and thus are "the devil's allies," fighting in the "cause of tyranny."
[4:77] One does not fulfill his duty in wartime by being a draft resister. Those who believe they can get out of the fighting because of their piety will find themselves at odds not only with the enemy, but also with the community that expects them to do their duty. The reply to those who believe that they should be exempt from military service because of their piety is that doing their duty is more important than staying safe at home. Those who do their duty will be given the full benefit of their dedication.
[4:78] The draft resisters are reminded that they cannot escape death, no matter where they are. Those who consider that the blessed are those to whom only good things happen, and consequently blame Mohammed for the teaching that subjects them to the misfortunes associated with difficult or hazardous duty, are mistaken.
[4:79] This addresses the "problem of evil in the world. "GOD is the author only of good, but the existence of evil is a consequence of human rebellion. See {Genesis 3:17-19}
|
|
[4:80] We have sent you as a Messenger to the people, and GOD suffices as witness. Whoever obeys the Messenger is obeying GOD. As for those who turn away, we did not send you as their guardian.
| |
[4:80] The righteousness of Mohammed's Message is GOD's witness that he is GOD's Messenger. The disbelievers therefore do not only reject Mohammed, they reject the witness of GOD.
|
|
[4:81] They pledge obedience, but as soon as they leave you, some of them harbor intentions contrary to what they say. GOD records their innermost intentions. You shall disregard them, and put your trust in GOD. GOD suffices as an advocate.
| |
[4:81] The hypocrites pretend to be devout and pledge obedience to GOD, but their actions in private show that they are not to be trusted. GOD, of course, knows what they are thinking. The faithful are here warned not to imitate them, but to trust in GOD.
|
|
[4:82] Why do they not study the Koran carefully? If it were from other than GOD, they would have found in it numerous contradictions.
| |
[4:82] If the hypocrites would just study the Koran, they would realize that would realize that they should follow it because it comes from GOD.
|
|
[4:83] When a rumor that affects security comes their way, they spread it. Had they referred it to the Messenger, and those in charge among them, those who understand these matters would have informed them. If it were not for GOD's grace towards you, and His mercy, you would have followed the devil, except a few.
| |
[4:83] In addition to their other antisocial activities, the hypocrites are responsible for spreading rumors, instead of referring questionable reports to Mohammed and his lieutenants for confirmation. The panic that resulted was one of the causes of the disaster of the Battle of Uhud, which only GOD rescued from utter catastrophe.
|
[4:84] You shall fight for the cause of GOD; you are responsible only for your own soul, and exhort the believers to do the same. GOD will neutralize the power of those who disbelieve. GOD is much more powerful, and much more effective.
[4:85] Whoever mediates a good deed receives a share of the credit thereof, and whoever mediates an evil work, incurs a share thereof. GOD controls all things.
| |
[4:84] The cure for panic caused by rumors in battle is simple: Everyone must do his duty, lead others by example to do the same, and let GOD deal with the hypocrites and rumormongers.
[4:85] In this way, one assists others in doing good deeds and participates thereby in their rewards, just as those who assist others to do evil justly share in their punishment.
|
|
[4:86] When greeted with a greeting, you shall respond with a better greeting or at least an equal one. GOD reckons all things.
| |
[4:86] The best way to avoid panic is to be positive and upbeat. Greeting each other with good cheer is one way of doing that.
|
|
[4:87] GOD: there is no god except He. He will surely summon you on the Day of Resurrection - the inevitable day. Whose narration is more truthful than GOD's?
| |
[4:87] The idea here is that GOD is the only absolute truth. He will eventually triumph over the lies of the rumormongers.
|
|
[4:88] Why should you divide yourselves into two groups regarding hypocrites (among you)? GOD is the One who condemned them because of their own behavior. Do you want to guide those who are sent astray by GOD? Whomever GOD sends astray, you can never find a way to guide them.
| |
[4:88] The problem of the hypocrites, who had become very troublesome at this time, no doubt was a source of debate among the believers as to the wisdom of expelling them from the community. This ayat reminds the faithful that the hypocrites condemned themselves by becoming an intolerable liability to the community.
|
|
[4:89] They wish that you disbelieve as they have disbelieved, then you become equal. Do not consider them friends, unless they mobilize along with you in the cause of GOD. If they turn against you, you shall fight them, and you may kill them when you encounter them in war. You shall not accept them as friends, or allies.
| |
[4:89] The anti-Islamic ideas of the hypocrite neighbors were especially dangerous to the emerging Muslim community. Here the faithful are warned to be on guard against them, and to consider them enemies. If one meets a former neighbor or coworker in battle, he is to be treated as any other enemy combatant.
|
|
[4:90] Exempted are those who join people with whom you have signed a peace treaty, and those who come to you wishing not to fight you, nor fight their relatives. Had GOD willed, He could have permitted them to fight against you. Therefore, if they leave you alone, refrain from fighting you, and offer you peace, then GOD gives you no excuse to fight them.
| |
[4:90] Peace is always possible with those who renounce warlike intentions. The Muslims are enjoined to accept sincere peace treaties. Note that this ayat is a direct contradiction to the erroneous idea that Muslims are commanded (or, in fact, allowed) to make war on peaceful people. The fact is, "GOD gives you no excuse to fight" them.
|
|
[4:91] You will find others who wish to make peace with you, and also with their people. However, as soon as war erupts, they fight against you. Unless these people leave you alone, offer you peace, and stop fighting you, you may fight them when you encounter them. Against these, we give you a clear authorization.
| |
[4:91] Of course, there are those who use peace overtures as an attempt to secure a strategic advantage prior to waging war. These people are legitimate targets in war. They are to be offered the option of surrender, but otherwise may be legitimately killed wherever they are found. They clearly remain dangerous enemies.
|
[4:92] No believer shall kill another believer, unless it is an accident. If one kills a believer by accident, he shall atone by freeing a believing slave, and paying a compensation to the victim's family, unless they forfeit such a compensation as a charity. If the victim belonged to people who are at war with you, though he was a believer, you shall atone by freeing a believing slave. If he belonged to people with whom you have signed a peace treaty, you shall pay the compensation in addition to freeing a believing slave. If you cannot find a slave to free, you shall atone by fasting two consecutive months, in order to be redeemed by GOD. GOD is Knower, Most Wise.
[4:93] Anyone who kills a believer on purpose, his retribution is Hell, wherein he abides forever, GOD is angry with him, and condemns him, and has prepared for him a terrible retribution.
| |
[4:92] The evil of murder is compared with the evils of slavery, which is considered equivalent to death. Intentional killing of a fellow Muslim is forbidden. {Exodus 20:13, Deuteronomy 5:17} Negligent homicide requires compensation of the victim's family, and also the freeing of a believing slave, as the restoration of "a life for a life."{Exodus 21:23} This rule applies even if the believer is an enemy soldier killed in battle, but compensation of the enemy is not required. Slavery was recognized as an evil to be abolished in Islam. Christianity, on the other hand, tolerated it. {Ephesians 6:5-9, Colossians 3:22-4:1}. Where slavery has been abolished, the penance for negligent homicide is two consecutive months of fasting.
[4:93] Murder {Exodus 20:13, Deuteronomy 5:17} is considered a "mortal" sin, "unto death."{1 John 5:16}
|
|
[4:94] O you who believe, if you strike in the cause of GOD, you shall be absolutely sure. Do not say to one who offers you peace, "You are not a believer," seeking the spoils of this world. For GOD possesses infinite spoils. Remember that you used to be like them, and GOD blessed you. Therefore, you shall be absolutely sure (before you strike). GOD is fully Cognizant of everything you do.
| |
[4:94] The rules against strategic offense ([2:190]) and breaking peace treaties ([4:90]) are absolute. One is not allowed to use the defense "but they are infidels!" or the expectation of rich booty as an excuse to break them. The Muslims are reminded that they were once unbelieving infidels themselves, rescued from ignorance only by the unmerited grace of GOD.
|
[4:95] There is no equality between those except the handicapped who refuse their service or their wealth and those who give freely of both by striving in the cause of GOD. Those who actively serve GOD with their money and their lives are far exalted above those who do not. GOD promises salvation to both, but those who serve Him strenuously will received a far greater reward.
[4:96] The higher ranks come from Him, as well as forgiveness and mercy. GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful.
[4:97] Those whose lives are terminated by the angels, while in a state of wronging their souls, the angels will ask them, "What was the matter with you?" they will say, "We were oppressed on earth." they will say, "Was GOD's earth not spacious enough for you to emigrate therein?" For these, the final abode is Hell, and a miserable destiny.
[4:98] Exempted are the weak men, women, and children who do not possess the strength, nor the means to find a way out.
[4:99] These may be pardoned by GOD. GOD is Pardoner, Forgiver.
| |
[4:95] This is a reminder that Islam is very much a religion of action, and those who participate passionately will be rewarded far more than those who just get by. It may also be a rebuke of the conscientious objectors, who felt they could legitimately get out of military service by acts of piety and charity. See also [4:97] .
[4:96] GOD is the One who assigns the ranks of the faithful in the Hereafter.
[4:97] Those who die as draft resisters or cowards will be asked why they didn't faithfully serve their community. Those who offer the excuses that they had too many personal troubles will be condemned anyway. They will be reminded that they were not forced to live in the community in the first place, and should have moved somewhere else if they were not prepared to do their civic duty.
[4:98] Of course, those who cannot defend the community in which they live, due to circumstances actually beyond their control, are not guilty...
[4:99] ...and GOD, of course, knows who they are.
|
|
[4:100] Anyone who emigrates in the cause of GOD will find on earth great bounties and richness. Anyone who gives up his home, emigrating to GOD and His Messenger, then death catches up with him, his recompense is reserved with GOD. GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful.
| |
[4:100] Those who perform particularly meritorious service that requires him to leave his home or devote his life to some worthy cause, such as becoming missionaries in the service of GOD, will be rewarded in this life, as well as in the Hereafter.
|
[4:101] When you travel, during war, you commit no error by shortening your Necessary prayers, if you fear that the disbelievers may attack you. Surely, the disbelievers are your ardent enemies.
[4:102] When you are with them, and lead the Contact Prayer (Salat) for them, let some of you stand guard; let them hold their weapons, and let them stand behind you as you prostrate. Then, let the other group that has not prayed take their turn praying with you, while the others stand guard and hold their weapons. Those who disbelieved wish to see you neglect your weapons and your equipment, in order to attack you once and for all. You commit no error, if you are hampered by rain or injury, by putting down your weapons, so long as you remain alert. GOD has prepared for the disbelievers a shameful retribution.
[4:103] Once you complete your Contact Prayer (Salat), you shall remember GOD while standing, sitting, or lying down. Once the war is over, you shall observe the Contact Prayers (Salat); the Necessary prayers are decreed for the believers at specific times.
[4:104] Do not waver in pursuing the enemy. If you suffer, they also suffer. However, you expect from GOD what they never expect. GOD is Omniscient, Most Wise.
[4:105] We have sent down to you the Scripture, truthfully, in order to judge among the people in accordance with what GOD has shown you. You shall not side with the betrayers.
| |
[4:101] The obligatory prayers (Salat) are so important that they must be observed even during wartime. However, if an attack appears immanent (or has actually begun!), they may be shortened (but not avoided) due to military necessity.
[4:102] Since the Salat prayers require prostrating oneself before GOD, the practical method of praying during battle is for one group to pray, while another group stands guard, then the two groups switch places. If an attack is not immanent (because of inclement weather, for example), or if one is being treated for wounds, it is not necessary to actually hold one's weapons as long as they are immediately available to defend against attack.
[4:103] In addition to the Salat prayers, which are said at specific times if one is able and the tactical situation permits, Muslims are exhorted to remember that they are always in the presence of GOD, and to behave themselves accordingly.
[4:104] "When the enemy is on the run, remember that he is worse off than you are. General Patton constantly reminded his troops of this during his rout of the German army in 1945. He may have been influenced by this Islamic philosophy when he was military governor of Morocco.
[4:105] Muslims are enjoined to be scrupulously just in all of their dealings, even with their enemies, and especially in disputes between husband and wife.
|
|
[4:106] You shall implore GOD for forgiveness. GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful.
| |
[4:106] Where they fail, they must seek pardon from GOD. {Matthew 6:12, 14-15, Luke 11:4}
|
|
[4:107] Do not argue on behalf of those who have wronged their own souls; GOD does not love any betrayer, guilty.
| |
[4:107] The entire Muslim community must hold each person personally responsible for his own actions...
|
|
[4:108] They hide from the people, and do not care to hide from GOD, though He is with them as they harbor ideas He dislikes. GOD is fully aware of everything they do.
| |
[4:108] ...just as GOD holds him personally accountable for them. It is not possible to find excuses from GOD, because GOD knows their innermost thoughts and motivations.
|
|
[4:109] Here you are arguing on their behalf in this world; who is going to argue with GOD on their behalf on the Day of Resurrection? Who is going to be their advocate?
| |
[4:109] Because GOD knows all things, there will be no one who will attempt to excuse sinfulness when each person is judged on the Day of Resurrection.
|
|
[4:110] Anyone who commits evil, or wrongs his soul, then implores GOD for forgiveness, will find GOD Forgiving, Most Merciful.
| |
[4:110] GOD forgives sinners if they are truly repentant, but does not excuse them by ignoring or overlooking the evil things they do.
|
[4:111] Anyone who earns a sin, earns it to the detriment of his own soul. GOD is Omniscient, Most Wise.
[4:112] Anyone who earns a sin, then accuses an innocent person thereof, has committed a blasphemy and a gross offense.
[4:113] If it were not for GOD's grace towards you, and His mercy, some of them would have misled you. They only mislead themselves, and they can never harm you in the least. GOD has sent down to you the Scripture and wisdom, and He has taught you what you never knew. Indeed, GOD's blessings upon you have been great.
| |
[4:111] Evil deeds do most harm to those who do them, because GOD knows everything.
[4:112] GOD is also not fooled by attempting to blame others (parents, society, bad companions, slavery, etc.) for one's own guilt. Attempting to do so is itself a gross offense against GOD.
[4:113] Muslim believers are reminded that their faith is a blessing from GOD, and is a certain protection against those who attempt to lead the devout astray. This probably refers to political intrigue by the hypocrites and saboteurs as well as religious heresy.
|
|
[4:114] There is nothing good about their private conferences, except for those who advocate charity, or righteous works, or making peace among the people. Anyone who does this, in response to GOD's teachings, we will grant him a great recompense.
| |
[4:114] The hypocrites in Medina probably tried as hard as they could to convince their fellow citizens to make peace with their enemies. This idea, in itself, is not objectionable, provided that it is advanced in the spirit of justice and charity.
|
|
[4:115] As for him who opposes the Messenger, after the guidance has been pointed out to him, and follows other than the believers' way, we will direct him in the direction he has chosen, and commit him to Hell; what a miserable destiny!
| |
[4:115] On the other hand, agitators and others who advocate appeasing the enemy when the legitimate authority of the community has already decided to go to war are traitors, and will suffer the traitors' everlasting punishment.
|
[4:116] GOD does not forgive idol worship (if maintained until death), and He forgives lesser offenses for whomever He wills. Anyone who idolizes any idol beside GOD has strayed far astray.
[4:117] They even worship female gods besides Him; as a matter of fact, they only worship a rebellious devil.
[4:118] GOD has condemned him, and he said, "I will surely recruit a definite share of Your worshippers.
[4:119] "I will mislead them, I will entice them, I will command them to mark the ears of livestock, and I will command them to distort the creation of GOD." Anyone who accepts the devil as a lord, instead of GOD, has incurred a profound loss.
| |
[4:116] This is a restatement of [4:48].
[4:117] GOD is referred to as "He" in the Koran to avoid the blasphemy of using a neuter pronoun, but human gender identification is inappropriate to GOD.
[4:118] The devil has no actual power, because all power belongs to GOD. Nevertheless, he has his own followers.
[4:119] The devil actively recruits his disciples, not by the exercise of power, but by trickery and deceit. This includes marking cattle (possibly intended for military rations) as unfit to eat (perhaps suggesting they are diseased) or otherwise distorting the truth. Those who assist the devil by perpetrating these tricks are lost forever.
|
|
[4:120] He promises them and entices them; what the devil promises is no more than an illusion.
| |
[4:120] The devil cannot fulfill his promises, because all desirable things come from GOD.
|
|
[4:121] These have incurred Hell as their final abode, and can never evade it.
| |
[4:121] The destiny of those who follow the devil is everlasting punishment in Hell.
|
[4:122] As for those who believe and lead a righteous life, we will admit them into gardens with flowing streams, wherein they live forever. Such is the truthful promise of GOD. Whose utterances are more truthful than GOD's?
[4:123] It is not in accordance with your wishes, or the wishes of the people of the Scripture: anyone who commits evil pays for it, and will have no helper or supporter against GOD.
[4:124] As for those who lead a righteous life, male or female, while believing, they enter Paradise; without the slightest injustice.
[4:125] Who is better guided in his religion than one who submits totally to GOD, leads a righteous life, according to the creed of Abraham: monotheism? GOD has chosen Abraham as a beloved friend.
[4:126] To GOD belongs everything in the heavens and the earth. GOD is in full control of all things.
| |
[4:122] Once again, GOD Himself promises all those "who believe and lead a righteous life" the eternal pleasures of Paradise. It is interesting that this promise does not single out only Muslims. The reward is promised to all the righteous.
[4:123] The evildoer will be punished, regardless of his excuse. This particular remark may be directed at those who follow Jewish tradition ("the people of Scripture") while opposing the changes of Islam.
[4:124] The necessity for righteousness applies equally to men and women.
[4:125] The Muslim converts are exhorted to follow the example of Abraham, who believed in the One True GOD in spite of the polytheistic beliefs of his neighbors. See [6:161].
[4:126] This ayat takes up the subject of family relationships from [4:35]. The discourse on community defense continues in [4:136].
|
|
[4:127] They consult you concerning women: say, "GOD enlightens you regarding them, as recited for you in the Scripture. You shall restore the rights of orphaned girls whom you cheat out of their due dowries when you wish to marry them: you shall not take advantage of them. The rights of orphaned boys must also be protected as well. You shall treat the orphans equitably. Whatever good you do, GOD is fully aware thereof.
| |
[4:127] Because of the rules of inheritance in [4:7], a good way for a poor man to enjoy a lavish lifestyle was to marry a rich, naive orphan and live off her money. A wife is assumed to be mature, so the prohibition in [4:6] against exploiting juvenile orphans doesn't apply, although it is reiterated here. Orphaned girls who had already been exploited in this way were to be fully compensated. See also [4:4].
|
|
[4:128] If a woman senses oppression or desertion from her husband, the couple shall try to reconcile their differences, for conciliation is best for them. Selfishness is a human trait, and if you do good and lead a righteous life, GOD is fully Cognizant of everything you do.
| |
[4:128] This applies specifically to the recourse a woman has if she feels that she is being mistreated or neglected. One potential cause of this is selfishness on the part of the husband. Both husband and wife are urged to try to work things out. See also [4:35].
|
|
[4:129] You can never be equitable in dealing with more than one wife, no matter how hard you try. Therefore, do not be so biased as to leave one of them hanging (neither enjoying marriage, nor left to marry someone else). If you correct this situation and maintain righteousness, GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful.
| |
[4:129] Although Islam permits polygamy in [4:35] to provide for orphans and widows, it does not encourage it. One problem is the husband favoring one wife to the exclusion of sexual rights of another. This is forbidden. A man must treat all of his wives equitably, or he must let them go.
|
|
[4:130] If the couple must decide to part, GOD will provide for each of them from His bounties. GOD is Bounteous, Most Wise.
| |
[4:130] Neither the neglected wife nor her polygamous husband incurs condemnation if she leaves him for this reason.
|
|
[4:131] To GOD belongs everything in the heavens and the earth, and we have enjoined on those who received the Scripture before you, and enjoined on you, that you shall reverence GOD. If you disbelieve, then to GOD belongs everything in the heavens and the earth. GOD is in no need, Praiseworthy.
| |
[4:131] Jewish converts may have believed that they were exempt from the necessity of respecting the rights of their wives. Here both Jews (those who were given the Book before you) and others are reminded that the laws prescribed here come from GOD, who has provided sufficiently for all believers.
|
[4:132] To GOD belongs everything in the heavens and the earth, and GOD is the only Protector.
[4:133] If He wills, He can annihilate you, O people, and substitute others in your place. GOD is certainly able to do this.
| |
[4:132-133] This is a sentiment not unlike that expressed in {Matthew 6:13-15}. If He wants to, GOD can subject a parson to any "test," including those concocted by "the evil one." It behooves his followers, therefore, to properly respect His commandments and pray that He will reciprocate.
|
[4:134] Anyone who seeks the materials of this world should know that GOD possesses both the materials of this world and the Hereafter. GOD is Hearer, Seer.
[4:135] O you who believe, you shall be absolutely equitable, and observe GOD, when you serve as witnesses, even against yourselves, or your parents, or your relatives. Whether the accused is rich or poor, GOD takes care of both. Therefore, do not be biased by your personal wishes. If you deviate or disregard (this commandment), then GOD is fully Cognizant of everything you do.
[4:136] O you who believe, you shall believe in GOD and His Messenger, and the Scripture He has revealed through His Messenger, and the Scripture He has revealed before that. Anyone who refuses to believe in GOD, and His angels, and His Scriptures, and His messengers, and the Last Day, has indeed strayed far astray.
| |
[4:134] The necessity for seeking first the kingdom of GOD is also expressed in {Matthew 6:33, Luke 12:31}
[4:135] In other words, you shall not bear false witness {Exodus 20:16, Deuteronomy 5:20}. This is a more extensive explanation of this Commandment. The necessity to be truthful includes all statements, not just those made under oath. It prohibits leaving out essential elements of the truth if one was not specifically asked about them or because of personal considerations.
[4:136] The subject returns to community defense. Muslims are warned to be on guard against the heresies of their enemies. Belief in GOD, Revelation, life after death, and the other teachings of Mohammed are the only things that separate them from the hypocrites. This belief must therefore be the main focus of defense against the unbelievers.
|
[4:137] Surely, those who believe, then disbelieve, then believe, then disbelieve, then plunge deeper into disbelief, GOD will not forgive them, nor guide them in any way.
[4:138] Inform the hypocrites that they have incurred painful retribution.
| |
[4:137] Defense of Islam requires a firm commitment in both faith and action. GOD will not provide the benefits of the steadfast to those who are indecisive.
[4:138] This Message is particularly directed at those whose faltering jeopardizes the security of the community.
|
|
[4:139] They are the ones who ally themselves with disbelievers instead of believers. Are they seeking dignity with them? All dignity belongs with GOD alone.
| |
[4:139] The believers must exhibit their dedication by separating themselves from the disbelievers in all things, not just religion.
|
|
[4:140] He has instructed you in the Scripture that: if you hear GOD's revelations being mocked and ridiculed, you shall not sit with them, unless they delve into another subject. Otherwise, you will be as guilty as they are. GOD will gather the hypocrites and the disbelievers together in Hell.
| |
[4:140] Believers are required to change the subject, take a stand, or separate themselves from the unbelievers who ridicule their faith. Note that this rule does not command that believers argue or fight with infidels, only that they avoid even the appearance of agreeing with them by remaining silent. See also [6:68].
|
|
[4:141] They watch you and wait; if you attain victory from GOD, they say, "Were we not with you?" But if the disbelievers appear victorious, they say, "Did we not side with you, and protect you from the believers?" GOD will judge between you on the Day of Resurrection. GOD will never permit the disbelievers to prevail over the believers.
| |
[4:141] Taking a stand for one's religious beliefs was particularly important in the emerging Muslim community, where the Muslims and non-Muslims were in open conflict. The hypocrites attempted to please both sides by claiming to support whoever was winning at the time. Here such vacillation is condemned.
|
|
[4:142] The hypocrites think that they are deceiving GOD, but He is the One who leads them on. When they get up for the Contact Prayer (Salat), they get up lazily. That is because they only show off in front of the people, and rarely do they think of GOD.
| |
[4:142] In spite of all the attempts of the hypocrites to ingratiate themselves with whoever is winning in the community, they will eventually encounter a way to be found out. Their lackadaisical attitude toward prayer is one of those ways.
|
[4:143] They waver in between, neither belonging to this group, nor that group. Whomever GOD sends astray, you will never find a way to guide him.
[4:144] O you who believe, you shall not ally yourselves with the disbelievers, instead of the believers. Do you wish to provide GOD with a clear proof against you?
[4:145] The hypocrites will be committed to the lowest pit of Hell, and you will find no one to help them.
| |
[4:143] The essence of the attitude of the hypocrites is that they are opportunists, never committing to a specific group. It is not possible to convert such people because they do not want to take a stand.
[4:144] The faithful are warned never to accept them as allies, because they cannot be trusted either to support a specific cause, or to remain neutral.
[4:145] Their reward is the punishment of Hell.
|
[4:146] Only those who repent, reform, hold fast to GOD, and devote their religion absolutely to GOD alone, will be counted with the believers. GOD will bless the believers with a great recompense.
[4:147] What will GOD gain from punishing you, if you became appreciative and believed? GOD is Appreciative, Omniscient.
[4:148] GOD does not like the utterance of bad language, unless one is treated with gross injustice. GOD is Hearer, Knower.
| |
[4:146] The hypocrites are contrasted with the true converts, who make a firm commitment to their faith and carry it out. They receive the reward of the just.
[4:147] The converts are no longer liable to GOD's punishment, because such punishment would have no purpose.
[4:148] "Bad language" here probably refers to condemnation, finding fault, blame, criticism, denunciation, and censure, which are permitted only as a form of just admonition or reprimand.
|
|
[4:149] If you work righteousness - either declared or concealed - or pardon a transgression, GOD is Pardoner, Omnipotent.
| |
[4:149] This appears to compliment the thought above, that admonishing or reprimanding the sinner, and then pardoning him, is a righteous act.
|
[4:150] Those who disbelieve in GOD and His messengers, and seek to make distinction among GOD and His messengers, and say, "We believe in some and reject some," and wish to follow a path in between;
[4:151] These are the real disbelievers. We have prepared for the disbelievers a shameful retribution.
[4:152] As for those who believe in GOD and His messengers, and make no distinction among them, He will grant them their recompense. GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful.
| |
[4:150] Islam accepts all the prophets, including Jesus, and their Messages. One cannot be a true Muslim, therefore, if he accepts the teachings of some and rejects others. In cases of conflict, resolution is provided by the (final) revelation of Mohammed.
[4:151] Those who do not accept all of the prophets are the real disbelievers.
[4:152] Rewards are promised to those who accept all of GOD's revelation, not just some of it.
|
|
[4:153] The people of the Scripture challenge you to bring down to them a book from the sky! they have asked Moses for more than that, saying, "Show us GOD, physically." Consequently, the lightning struck them, as a consequence of their audacity. Additionally, they worshipped the calf, after all the miracles they had seen. Yet, we pardoned all this. We supported Moses with profound miracles.
| |
[4:153] The history of GOD's messengers contains many signs of confirmation {Exodus 4:8, 17, 30; 7:9-12; 8:23-24; 10:1, Numbers 14:11; 26:10, Deuteronomy 4:34-36, 1 Kings 13:3-5, 2 Kings 20:9-11, Isaiah 7:14; 19:20-24; 38:7-8; 55:13, Jeremiah 44:29-31, Matthew 12:38-40; 16:4, Mark 16:17, Luke 11:29-30, John 2:18-22; 20:30}. The "sign" described here may be that of {Exodus 19:16-20; 20:18-22 and 32:4}
|
[4:154] And we raised Mount Sinai above them, as we took their covenant. And we said to them, "Enter the gate humbly." And we said to them, "Do not desecrate the Sabbath." Indeed, we took from them a solemn covenant.
[4:155] (They incurred condemnation) for violating their covenant, rejecting GOD's revelations, killing the prophets unjustly, and for saying, "Our minds are made up!" In fact, GOD is the One who sealed their minds, due to their disbelief, and this is why they usually fail to believe.
[4:156] (They are condemned) for disbelieving and uttering about Mary a gross lie.
| |
[4:154] This may refer to the events recorded in {Exodus 19:16-21; 20:8-11}
[4:155] This is a summation of condemnations of those of the Jews who were responsible for violating the rules laid down by GOD and for killing the prophets. Once they had made a decision to reject GOD, He imposed punishments upon them for their actions, one of which is that even now they refuse to accept His Message.
[4:156] The reference is unclear. It may be to those who refused to accept the teaching of Jesus because they claimed he was the illegitimate son of Mary.
|
[4:157] And for claiming that they killed the Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, the messenger of GOD. In fact, they never killed him, they never crucified him - they were made to think that they did. All factions who are disputing in this matter are full of doubt concerning this issue. They possess no knowledge; they only conjecture. For certain, they never killed him.
[4:158] Instead, GOD raised him to Him; GOD is Almighty, Most Wise.
[4:159] Everyone among the people of the Scripture was required to believe in him before his death. On the Day of Resurrection, he will be a witness against them.
[4:160] Due to their transgressions, we prohibited for the Jews good foods that used to be lawful for them; also for consistently repelling from the path of GOD.
[4:161] And for practicing usury, which was forbidden, and for consuming the people's money illicitly. We have prepared for the disbelievers among them painful retribution.
[4:162] As for those among them who are well founded in knowledge, and the believers, they believe in what was revealed to you, and in what was revealed before you. They are observers of the Necessary prayers, and givers of the obligatory charity (zakat); they are believers in GOD and the Last Day. We grant these a great recompense.
[4:163] We have inspired you, as we inspired Noah and the prophets after him. And we inspired Abraham, Ismail, Isaac, Jacob, the Patriarchs, Jesus, Job, Jonah, Aaron, and Solomon. And we gave David the Psalms.
| |
[4:157] See [3:55] and [3:169]. Islam teaches that it was only his empty body, not Jesus himself, that was crucified. The "factions who are disputing in this matter" may have been poorly educated Christians seeking refuge in Saudi Arabia from the wars between the Holy Roman Empire and the Persians.
[4:158] Islam maintains that Jesus was raised from the dead by GOD in the same manner as in the resurrection of any righteous person. Christians would probably tend to agree, but add that Jesus established resurrection from the dead. Catholics would add that since Jesus is GOD, he raised himself. Muslims consider this idea idolatrous.
[4:159] The idea here is that (the holy Prophet) Jesus himself will be a witness against those who believed that he was crucified and rose from the dead.
[4:160] The dietary restrictions of {Leviticus 11:2-43} are here seen as a punishment for corrupting the simple Islamic religion of Abraham. Muslim dietary rules are less restrictive. See [2:173].
[4:161] The Jews were also punished for dishonest financial practices. See [2:275].
[4:162] The religious leaders and teachers in the community are those who demonstrate their knowledge of Scripture and who are conspicuous for their piety at prayer and their contribution in support of the community, especially the poor.
[4:163] Here GOD points out that Mohammed is only (the final) one of a long list of people who were selected by GOD as prophets to His people.
|
|
[4:164] Messengers we have told you about, and messengers we never told you about. And GOD spoke to Moses directly.
| |
[4:164] Although Mohammed is the main Messenger, some of these messengers are anonymous (possibly contemporary teachers and missionaries).
|
|
[4:165] Messengers to deliver good news, as well as warnings. Thus, the people will have no excuse when they face GOD, after all these messengers have come to them. GOD is Almighty, Most Wise.
| |
[4:165] A prophet is one who speaks for GOD, both to deliver good news, and to deliver warnings. Since these Messages have already been conveyed, no one from now on can claim that he didn't receive them.
|
|
[4:166] But GOD bears witness concerning what He has revealed to you; He has revealed it with His knowledge. And the angels bear witness as well, but GOD suffices as witness.
| |
[4:166] The wording of the revelations of the Koran shows that the ultimate author is GOD, not Mohammed. Thus GOD Himself is a witness to the truth that Mohammed preached.
|
|
[4:167] Surely, those who disbelieve and lead others from the way of GOD have strayed far astray.
| |
[4:167] Those who preach otherwise are doing their listeners a grave injustice...
|
|
[4:168] Those who disbelieve and transgress, GOD will not forgive them, nor will He guide them in any way;
| |
[4:168] GOD will not forgive them for this sin, and will withhold his further guidance from them.
|
|
[4:169] except the way to Hell, wherein they abide forever. This is easy for GOD to do.
| |
[4:169] The only guidance for such people will be into Hell. They have already condemned themselves.
|
|
[4:170] O people, the Messenger has come to you with the truth from your Lord. Therefore, you shall believe for your own good. If you disbelieve, then to GOD belongs everything in the heavens and the earth. GOD is Omniscient, Most Wise.
| |
[4:170] GOD has sent his Messenger (Mohammed) for the benefit of all mankind. One does not do any disservice to GOD by not believing in His revelations, because everything belongs to Him anyway. The disbelievers harm only themselves.
|
|
[4:171] O people of the Scripture, do not transgress the limits of your religion, and do not say about GOD except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus, the son of Mary, was a messenger of GOD, and His word that He had sent to Mary, and a revelation from Him. Therefore, you shall believe in GOD and His messengers. You shall not say, "Trinity." You shall refrain from this for your own good. GOD is only One GOD. Be He glorified; He is much too glorious to have a son. To Him belongs everything in the heavens and everything on earth. GOD suffices as Lord and Master.
| |
[4:171] Muslims agree with Christians that: (1) Jesus was the Messiah; (2) He was the son of Mary; (3) He was a messenger of GOD, and (4) Mary was notified by GOD prior to them of the circumstances of his conception and birth. They do not agree with: (1) the doctrine of the Trinity, which they see as polytheism, (2) the divinity of Jesus, which they see as idolatry, or (3) that Jesus is the Son of GOD, which they see as blasphemy. Islam teaches that Jesus was created directly by GOD to fulfill the prophecy of {Isaiah 7:14}, and had no father.
|
|
[4:172] The Messiah would never disdain from being a servant of GOD, nor would the closest angels. Those who disdain from worshipping Him, and are too arrogant to submit, He will summon them all before Him.
| |
[4:172] Jesus was nonetheless a servant of GOD, above all the angels, including those who refused to submit to him. They will ultimately be overthrown. {Revelation 12:9-10; 20:10}
|
|
[4:173] As for those who believe and lead a righteous life, He will fully recompense them, and shower them with His grace. As for those who disdain and turn arrogant, He will commit them to painful retribution. They will find no lord beside GOD, nor a savior.
| |
[4:173] Jesus himself will reward those who are faithful to the teaching of GOD, and will punish those who are not, including those who regard anyone but the One, True GOD as their savior. (Muslims believe this includes those who believe in the Incarnation.)
|
[4:174] O people, a proof has come to you from your Lord; we have sent down to you a profound beacon.
[4:175] Those who believe in GOD, and hold fast to Him, He will admit them into mercy from Him, and grace, and will guide them to Him in a straight path.
| |
[4:174] The following three ayats constitute a kind of epilogue to this sura. It is seen as a beacon for those who follow "the right path."
[4:175] GOD promises mercy and guidance to those who remain steadfast in their belief and service.
|
|
[4:176] They consult you; say, "GOD advises you concerning the single person. If one dies and leaves no children, and he had a sister, she gets half the inheritance. If she dies first, he inherits from her, if she left no children. If there were two sisters, they get two-thirds of the inheritance. If the siblings are men and women, the male gets twice the share of the female." GOD thus clarifies for you, lest you go astray. GOD is fully aware of all things.
| |
[4:176] This ayat was revealed long after An-Nisa was recited as a complete sura. It is added at the end because it was not incorporated elsewhere by Mohammed, who generally indicated the sequence of ayats in each sura but did not indicate any sequence for the suras themselves. Putting the suras in some kind of order after they were complied was a difficult problem for his followers. The same subject matter as appears in [4:11] and following.
|
This sura takes its name from verse 112 in which the word mai'dah ("feast" or "festive table") occurs, but otherwise, like many of the other suras, the title has no special meaning. Unlike many of the suras, this one appears to have been a single discourse, with the possibility that a few of the verses may have been inserted later.
This revelation comes three years after the disaster at Uhud. As a result of their perseverance, the Muslims have extended Islamic culture and the power of the city-state of Medina from Syria to Mecca and from Najd to the Red Sea. After much negotiation with the rulers of Mecca, the Quraish, Medina Muslims gained the right to make an annual pilgrimage (the umrah) there, and the respite from fighting the Quraish that they had long desired, by the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.
This sura continues the instructions about the consolidation of the Islamic Community given in An-Nisa. Muslims are directed to observe and fulfill all of their religious and social obligations. They are also warned to guard against the inherent corruption of power and are exhorted to learn lessons from the failings of the Jews and Christians whom they overcame. These are also invited to cast aside their erroneous beliefs and embrace Islam and the definitive religion revealed by GOD.
|
In the name of GOD, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
[5:1] O you who believe, you shall fulfill your covenants. Permitted for you to eat are the livestock, except those specifically prohibited herein. You shall not permit hunting throughout the hajj.* GOD decrees whatever He wills.
[5:2] O you who believe, do not violate the rites instituted by GOD, nor the Sacred Months, nor the animals to be offered, nor the garlands marking them, nor the people who head for the Sacred Shrine seeking blessings from their Lord and approval. Once you complete the pilgrimage, you may hunt.* Do not be provoked into aggression by your hatred of people who once prevented you from going to the Sacred Mosque. You shall cooperate in matters of righteousness and piety; do not cooperate in matters that are sinful and evil. You shall observe GOD. GOD is strict in enforcing retribution.
| |
[5:1] Now that the Muslims have achieved peace, they are exhorted to turn their attention to strict observance of their religion. Included are the dietary restrictions ([2:173]). Jewish rules were more severe, so here the Muslims are reminded that anything that is not specifically forbidden (haraam) is permitted (halaal).
[5:2] *The hajj is the formal visit to Mecca required of all Muslims. Hunting during this time is forbidden, both because it is worldly and because hunting by pilgrims would quickly depopulate the area around Mecca of anything edible, including the residents' livestock. Animals to be purchased for sacrifice and subsequent consumption are marked with garlands during the hajj. The Muslims are warned to be cooperative and respectful and to scrupulously avoid doing anything to violate the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, or annoy the Meccans or their visitors, even though they used to be their enemies. A similar sentiment is contained in {Matthew 5:44, Luke 6:27, 35}.
|
|
[5:3] Prohibited for you are animals that die of themselves, blood, the meat* of pigs, and animals dedicated to idols. (Animals that die of themselves include those) strangled, struck with an object, fallen from a height, gored, attacked by a wild animal (unless you save your animal before it dies) and animals sacrificed on altars. Also prohibited is dividing the meat by arrows;** this is an abomination. Today, the disbelievers have given up concerning your religion; do not fear them and fear Me instead. Today, I have completed your religion, perfected My blessing upon you, and I have decreed Submission as the religion for you. If one is forced by famine, without being deliberately sinful, then GOD is Forgiver, Merciful.
| |
[5:3] This is a restatement and further explanation of [2:173]. See also [5:88]. *Note that pork meat is forbidden, but fat is not. Also, requiring an animal to be properly slaughtered protects against rabies or other diseases from sick or infected animals. **The Muslims in hostile Mecca may have been rightly concerned about the qualify of the meat prepared in Meccan restaurants especially among people who were known to dedicate food animals to idols. Here they are told that unless it is seen to be taken from an idol altar or made the subject of superstitious practices (dividing by arrows), they should not worry about the matter. Even then, if it is the only meat available, they are allowed to eat it. Similar instructions were given to early Christians {Luke 10:8, Acts 10:9-15; 15:20, 1 Corinthians 8:3-13}
|
|
[5:4] They consult you concerning what is lawful for them; say, "Lawful for you are all good things, including what trained dogs and falcons catch for you." You train them according to GOD's teachings. You may eat what they catch for you, and mention GOD's name thereupon. You shall observe GOD. GOD is most efficient in reckoning.
| |
[5:4] Meat from animals caught by trained dogs and falcons is acceptable. Some of the prey might have been killed in the process of being caught, but the dogs and falcons would not be employed if they were likely to infect their prey. Here is also the requirement for saying a prayer before killing an animal, a recognition of the sanctity of all life.
|
[5:5] Today, all good food is made lawful for you. The food of the people of the Scripture is lawful for you. Also, you may marry the chaste women among the believers, as well as the chaste women among the followers of previous Scripture, provided you pay them their due dowries. You shall maintain chastity, not committing adultery, nor taking secret lovers. Anyone who rejects faith, all his work will be in vain, and in the Hereafter he will be with those who are lost.
[5:6] O you who believe, when you observe the Necessary prayers, you shall: (1) wash your faces, (2) wash your arms to the elbows, (3) wipe your heads, and (4) wash your feet to the ankles. If you were unclean due to sexual orgasm, you shall bathe. If you are ill, or traveling, or had any digestive excretion (urinary, fecal, or gas), or had (sexual) contact with the women, and you cannot find water, you shall observe the dry ablution (Tayammum) by touching clean dry soil, then rubbing your faces and hands. GOD does not wish to make the religion difficult for you; He wishes to cleanse you and to perfect His blessing upon you, that you may be appreciative.
| |
[5:5] These prescriptions relax the wartime prohibitions against commerce or cohabitation with the enemy. Muslims are permitted to eat in Jewish and Christian (people of the Scripture) restaurants as well as marry their eligible women. Non-Muslim brides in such cases have the same rights as Muslims, and one has the same obligation to be faithful to them. By implication, Quraish wives taken in battle [4:23] are now mahram (forbidden), and sex with them now constitutes adultery (zina).
[5:6] Muslims are required to achieve ritual purity before formal prayer. Only when they are clean in body as well as mind are they ready to approach GOD. More emphasis was placed on this practice as the Islamic community became secure and people had a better opportunity for this practice, as well as more of a duty to avoid scandal by observing it. Here an explanation of this practice is also given, and sets forth the principle that the Islamic religious practices, far from being burdensome, are given to the faithful to make them physically pure, mentally alert, and morally impeccable. See [4:43] for instructions while traveling.
|
|
[5:7] Remember GOD's blessing upon you, and His covenant that He covenanted with you: you said, "We hear and we obey." You shall observe GOD; GOD is fully aware of the innermost thoughts.
| |
[5:7] The Muslims are reminded that GOD has protected them from their enemies in the past and has finally granted them the peace and security for which they had so fervently prayed during wartime.
|
|
[5:8] O you who believe, you shall be absolutely equitable, and observe GOD, when you serve as witnesses. Do not be provoked by your conflicts with some people into committing injustice. You shall be absolutely equitable, for it is more righteous. You shall observe GOD. GOD is fully Cognizant of everything you do.
| |
[5:8] They must not jeopardize the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah by unjust practices among themselves, or with their former enemies. This was exceptionally difficult, because the wars between them had left much hard feeling and bitterness on both sides. The Muslims had to take the responsibility to be the leaders in reconciliation.
|
|
[5:9] GOD promises those who believe and lead a righteous life forgiveness and a great recompense.
| |
[5:9] Their model is, of course, GOD, who always keeps His word.
|
|
[5:10] As for those who disbelieve and reject our revelations, they are the dwellers of Hell.
| |
[5:10] The dishonest infidels will be punished for their dishonesty.
|
|
[5:11] O you who believe, remember GOD's blessings upon you; when some people extended their hands to aggress against you, He protected you and withheld their hands. You shall observe GOD; in GOD the believers shall trust.
| |
[5:11] Muslims are here reminded that GOD protected them from their enemies as a special blessing to those to whom he gave His Revelation. They will continue to enjoy His blessings by following the His teachings and doing what His Messenger tells them.
|
|
[5:12] GOD had taken a covenant from the Children of Israel, and we raised among them twelve patriarchs. And GOD said, "I am with you, so long as you observe the Necessary prayers, give the obligatory charity (zakat), and believe in My messengers and respect them, and continue to lend GOD a loan of righteousness. I will then remit your sins, and admit you into gardens with flowing streams. Anyone who disbelieves after this, has indeed strayed off the right path."
| |
[5:12] This little history lesson is a prelude to the somewhat involved dissertation that follows. The Muslims are here reminded that the Jews (many of whom were, or were considered as, former enemies) also received messengers and revelations from GOD. They received prescriptions for a happy and prosperous life by submitting to His will and following His commandments. The reward of following GOD's commandments, is for them also to receive the delights of Paradise.
|
[5:13] It was a consequence of their violating the covenant that we condemned them, and we caused their hearts to become hardened. Consequently, they took the words out of context, and disregarded some of the commandments given to them. You will continue to witness betrayal from them, excepting a few of them. You shall pardon them, and disregard them. GOD loves those who are benevolent.
[5:14] Also from those who said, "We are Christian," we took their covenant. But they disregarded some of the commandments given to them. Consequently, we condemned them to animosity and hatred among themselves*, until the Day of Resurrection. GOD will then inform them of everything they had done.
[5:15] O people of the Scripture, our Messenger has come to you to proclaim for you many things you have concealed in the Scripture, and to pardon many other transgressions you have committed. A beacon has come to you from GOD, and a profound Scripture.
[5:16] With it, GOD guides those who seek His approval. He guides them to the paths of peace, leads them out of darkness into the light by His leave, and guides them in a straight path.
[5:17] Pagans indeed are those who say that GOD is the Messiah, the son of Mary. Say, "Who could oppose GOD if He willed to annihilate the Messiah, son of Mary, and his mother, and everyone on earth?" To GOD belongs the sovereignty of the heavens and the earth, and everything between them. He creates whatever He wills. GOD is Omnipotent.
| |
[5:13] Some of the Jews violated the Covenant they had made with GOD and therefore suffered the consequences of their wicked ways. These included corrupting the Scriptures and ignoring GOD's commandments. The Muslims are warned against imitating them to avoid the inevitable punishment, but they must refrain from hating them or treating them uncharitably.
[5:14] The Christians are also denounced for disregarding some of the commandments of GOD, as a result of which there is still* discord among them, which will continue until all mankind is reconciled on the Day of Resurrection. *This Sura was revealed between the Second and Third Council of Constantinople.
[5:15] The Revelation of the Koran is proposed as a method of resolving the issues separating the Christians and Jews from each other and from the Muslim converts. Mohammed actually wrote letters to that effect to Jewish and Christian leaders of the ancient world, inviting them to openly embrace Islam.
[5:16] The prescriptions of Islam are proposed as the only means of achieving true peace and happiness in the face of the challenges of a hostile world.
[5:17] The Christians (who claim that Christ is consubstantial with GOD) are here likened to idolatrous pagans. The argument is that Jesus, the son of Mary, would not have appeared to die if he had truly been GOD. Muslims believe that Jesus was a human being created directly by GOD. See [2:16] and [3:47].
|
[5:18] The Jews and the Christians said, "We are GOD's children and His beloved." Say, "Why then does He punish you for your sins? You are just humans like the other humans He created." He forgives whomever He wills and punishes whomever He wills. To GOD belongs the sovereignty of the heavens and the earth, and everything between them, and to Him is the final destiny.
[5:19] O people of the Scripture, our Messenger has come to you, to explain things to you, after a period of time without messengers, lest you say, "We did not receive any preacher or warner." A preacher and warner has now come to you. GOD is Omnipotent.
| |
[5:18] The success and growth of the Muslim city-state of Medina is considered a valid argument against their former enemies, the Jews and Christians who also claimed to be obedient to GOD's commandments. They are here admonished to give up their erroneous ways and accept Islam. In order truly to reap the rewards He promises to those who obey Him.
[5:19] Over six hundred years have passed since the time of Jesus, about a thousand since the prophet Malachi. But now that Mohammed has appeared, the contemporary Jews and Christians cannot claim that they must follow their misinterpreted teachings (Judaism and Christianity) of prophets long gone.
|
[5:20] Recall that Moses said to his people, "O my people, remember GOD's blessings upon you: He appointed prophets from among you, made you kings, and granted you what He never granted any other people.
[5:21] "O my people, enter the holy land that GOD has decreed for you, and do not rebel, lest you become lost."
[5:22] They said, "O Moses, there are powerful people in it, and we will not enter it, unless they get out of it. If they get out, we are entering."
[5:23] Two men who were reverent and blessed by GOD said, "Just enter the gate. If you just enter it, you will surely prevail. You must trust in GOD, if you are believers."
[5:24] They said, "O Moses, we will never enter it, so long as they are in it. Therefore, go - you and your Lord - and fight. We are sitting right here."
[5:25] He said, "My Lord, I can only control myself and my brother. So, allow us to part company with the wicked people."
[5:26] He said, "Henceforth, it is forbidden them for forty years, during which they will roam the earth aimlessly. Do not grieve over such wicked people."
[5:27] Recite for them the true history of Adam's two sons. They made an offering, and it was accepted from one of them, but not from the other. He said, "I will surely kill you." He said, "GOD accepts only from the righteous.
| |
[5:20] This summation of the Torah recalls such blessings as are enumerated in {Deuteronomy 28:1-14} and the ordination of prophets in {Numbers 11:25}. The idea here is that GOD has already traced out the path of salvation for His people.
[5:21] {Exodus 33} the people refused the first invitation because of their fear of the inhabitants. Their punishment was that they had to die in the desert; only their children were allowed to enter.
[5:22] {Numbers 13:31-14:4} records that the people wanted to return to Egypt.
[5:23] Possibly Joshua, son of Nun, and Caleb the son of Jephunneh. {Numbers 14:7-9} records that they were not daunted because "their [enemys'] defense is departed from them, and the Lord is with us."
[5:24] {Numbers 14:1-4} says that the people wanted to appoint someone to lead them back to Egypt.
[5:25] "My brother" is likely Aaron. The prayer is different than {Numbers 14:19}. There, Moses only asked GOD's pardon for the people's wickedness.
[5:26] GOD decided to answer Moses' prayer not to destroy the people outright, but made them wander in the desert for 40 years until they had all died from old age. See {Numbers 14:20-33}
[5:27] The story in {Genesis 4:3-9} suggests that Cain killed Abel only after his offering was not accepted. It is referenced here to remind the Jews that GOD does not accept offerings of one who would kill his brother(s).
|
[5:28] "If you extend your hand to kill me, I am not extending my hand to kill you. For I reverence GOD, Lord of the universe.
[5:29] "I want you, not me, to bear my sin and your sin, then you end up with the dwellers of Hell. Such is the requital for the transgressors."
[5:30] His ego provoked him into killing his brother. He killed him, and ended up with the lost.
[5:31] GOD then sent a raven to scratch the soil, to teach him how to bury his brother's corpse. He said, "Woe to me; I failed to be as intelligent as this raven, and bury my brother's corpse." He became ridden with remorse.
| |
[5:28] This is a sentiment not unlike {Matthew 5:38-44}. It expresses the Islamic concept of respect for life and the seriousness of taking another's life.
[5:29] This is also a concept embraced by Christians. Revenge belongs only to GOD; He is the One who punishes evildoers. See {Romans 12:19-21}.
[5:30] {Genesis 4:8} says that Cain was angry at his brother Abel because GOD did not "respect" his offering.
[5:31] {Genesis 4:13-14} does not record the story of the raven, although Cain was "ridden with remorse" as the result of the punishment GOD imposed upon him for killing his brother, not because he felt guilty.
|
|
[5:32] Because of this, we decreed for the Children of Israel that anyone who kills anyone other than one who commits murder or other abomination, it shall be as if he murdered all the people. And anyone who spares a life, it shall be as if he spared the lives of all the people. Our messengers went to them with clear proofs and revelations, but most of them, after all this, are still transgressing.
| |
[5:32] One who is willing to murder one person is a danger to all. Similarly, one who saves the life of one is a comfort to all. Jewish law. prescribes eliminating those who commit horrendous crimes. See {Exodus 19:12; 21:12, 15-17, 22, 29; 22:18-20; 31:14, 15, 35:2, Numbers 1:51; 3:10, 38; 15:32-36; 18:7; 35:16-21, Leviticus 20:2, 9-16, 27; 24:16-17, Deuteronomy 13:1-10; 22:21-24, Joshua 1:18; 7:15-25, 1 Kings 21:13}
|
|
[5:33] The just retribution for those who fight GOD and His Messenger, and commit horrendous crimes, is to be killed, or crucified, or to have their hands and feet cut off on alternate sides, or to be banished from the land. This is to humiliate them in this life, then they suffer a far worse retribution in the Hereafter.
| |
[5:33] Islamic law attempts to demonstrate the evil of antisocial behavior by punishment that fits the crime, as in western culture, or by attempts to rehabilitate the criminal by penalties severe enough to convince him of the seriousness of his offense. Execution consists of stoning (taqtil) or crucifixion (taslib).
|
|
[5:34] Exempted are those who repent before you overcome them. You should know that GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful.
| |
[5:34] On the other hand, there is no legitimate purpose to be served by punishing one who has already repented of his crime(s).
|
|
[5:35] O you who believe, you shall reverence GOD and seek the ways and means to Him, and strive in His cause, that you may succeed.
| |
[5:35] The whole purpose of punishment is to turn the criminal's life around and bring him back to the right ways to serve GOD.
|
|
[5:36] Certainly, those who disbelieved, if they possessed everything on earth, even twice as much, and offered it as ransom to spare them the retribution on the Day of Resurrection, it would not be accepted from them; they have incurred a painful retribution.
| |
[5:36] The cost of the crime of disbelief is far greater than anyone can pay, even if it were accepted as a reparation for one's sins. This is perhaps an argument against imposing fines, as opposed to physical punishment, for criminal behavior.
|
[5:37] They will want to exit Hell, but alas, they can never exit therefrom; their retribution is eternal.
[5:38] The thief, male or female, you shall cut off their hands as a punishment for their crime, and to serve as an example from GOD. GOD is Almighty, Most Wise.
[5:39] If one repents after committing this crime, and reforms, GOD redeems him. GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful.
[5:40] Do you not know that GOD possesses the sovereignty of the heavens and the earth? He punishes whomever He wills, and forgives whomever He wills. GOD is Omnipotent.
[5:41] O you Messenger, do not be saddened by those who hasten to disbelieve among those who say, "We believe," with their mouths, while their hearts do not believe. Among the Jews, some listened to lies. They listened to people who never met you, and who distorted the words out of context, then said, "If you are given this, accept it, but if you are given anything different, beware." Whomever GOD wills to divert, you can do nothing to help him against GOD. GOD does not wish to cleanse their hearts. They have incurred humiliation in this world, and in the Hereafter, they will suffer a terrible retribution.
| |
[5:37] Any punishment for sinful behavior is less than that of Hell, and therefore severe punishment is justified if it causes the criminal to renounce his sinful behavior, repent, and change his behavior.
[5:38-40] There is controversy over the definition of "thief" and "cut off" in this context. "Thief" may mean a habitual thief, so that petty larceny, or stealing as the only means of survival, are exempt from this severe form of punishment. Likewise, "cut off" may mean amputating one or more fingers to "serve as an example," not to maim the criminal so severely that he cannot subsequently earn an honest living. Because of the opportunity for repentance, this penalty would be unlikely to be imposed on anyone but the most incorrigible criminal, who might well need a most severe punishment to reform. Jesus preached a similar philosophy {Matthew 5:29-30; 18:8-9, Mark 9:43-47}
[5:41] In spite of harsh punishments, there are some criminals and sinners who will not reform. These include those who only pretend to believe, those who remain unconvinced, those who have been misinformed, and those who have been told lies about the teachings of Islam, as in the present day. The parable of the sower and the seed {Matthew 13:3-23, Mark 4:3-20, Luke 8:5-15} treats of the same difficulties in convincing the same kinds of people.
|
|
[5:42] They are upholders of lies, and eaters of illicit earnings. If they come to you to judge among them, you may judge among them, or you may disregard them. If you choose to disregard them, they cannot harm you in the least. But if you judge among them, you shall judge equitably. GOD loves those who are equitable.
| |
[5:42] The Muslim community still had to put up with these citizens who had not fully (or at all) converted to Islam. As infidels, they had no right of access to Islamic courts, and could legally be turned away to settle their differences. by their own laws If their cases were heard, however, the judges were required to be impartial in their decisions.
|
|
[5:43] Why do they ask you to judge among them, when they have the Torah*, containing GOD's law, and they chose to disregard it? They are not believers.
| |
[5:43] The Jews, in particular, are castigated for appealing to Islamic courts when they didn't even follow their own laws (the Torah). See also [5:46].
|
[5:44] We have sent down the Torah,* containing guidance and light. Ruling in accordance with it were the Jewish prophets, as well as the rabbis and the priests, as dictated to them in GOD's Scripture, and as witnessed by them. Therefore, do not reverence human beings; you shall reverence Me instead. And do not trade away My revelations for a cheap price. Those who do not rule in accordance with GOD's revelations are the disbelievers.
[5:45] And we decreed for them in it that: the life for the life, the eye for the eye, the nose for the nose, the ear for the ear, the tooth for the tooth, and an equivalent injury for any injury. If one forfeits what is due to him as a charity, it will atone for his sins. Those who do not rule in accordance with GOD's revelations are the unjust.
[5:46] Subsequent to them, we sent Jesus, the son of Mary, confirming the previous Scripture, the Torah. We gave him the Gospel, containing guidance and light, and confirming the previous Scriptures, the Torah, and augmenting its guidance and light, and to enlighten the righteous.
[5:47] The people of the Gospel shall rule in accordance with GOD's revelations therein. Those who do not rule in accordance with GOD's revelations are the wicked.
| |
[5:44] Muslims believe that the Torah, like the Koran, is the inspired word of GOD, and was given to the Jews by the prophet Moses for their guidance, inspiration and enlightenment. Many of them, however, did not follow its precepts, which put them at odds with devout Muslims. Islamic courts must avoid the effect, as well as even the appearance, violating the mandates of the Scripture that the Jews (and, by implication, the Christians) have already received and which, except for Muslim converts, they are obliged to follow. *See also [5:46].
[5:45] Acceptance of the Torah respects the lex talonis of {Exodus 21:24-25}. However, Muslims, like Christians, are exhorted to forego the justice of this law in favor of charity, as in {Matthew 5:38}.
[5:46] Islam also accepts the teachings of Jesus, as recorded in the Gospels, as the authentic teaching of GOD. *The Torah here probably refers to what Christians call "the Old Testament."
[5:47] The Christians claimed that the teaching of the prophet Jesus was for them to love one another recorded in the Gospels {Matthew 5:43-47; 19:19; 23:39, Mark 12:31; Luke 6:27-33; John 13:34-35; 15:12, 17, etc.}, they are therefore required by their own Scripture, revealed by GOD, to rule by the law of charity.
|
[5:48] Then we revealed to you this Scripture, truthfully, confirming previous Scriptures, and superseding them. You shall rule among them in accordance with GOD's revelations, and do not follow their wishes if they differ from the truth that came to you. For each of you, we have decreed laws and different rites. Had GOD willed, He could have made you one congregation. But He thus puts you to the test through the revelations He has given to each of you. You shall compete in righteousness. To GOD is your final destiny - all of you - then He will inform you of everything you had disputed.
[5:49] You shall rule among them in accordance with GOD's revelations to you. Do not follow their wishes, and beware lest they divert you from some of GOD's revelations to you. If they turn away, then know that GOD wills to punish them for some of their sins. Indeed, many people are wicked.
| |
[5:48] Although the Islamic courts are required to respect the beliefs of the non-Muslims, they are not permitted to follow them in rendering their decisions if they conflict with Islamic law. Considering the impact of the litigants' religious beliefs was therefore as much of a problem for Islamic judges as it is for civil judges today. GOD has created this problem to provide an additional avenue for the unbelievers to be converted by seeing the virtue of Islamic law.
[5:49] The judges must observe strictly the requirements of Islamic law when deciding cases involving unbelievers, and to be on guard against conflicts of interest that might arise out of other considerations, especially where they had to rule against Muslims in favor of others. In some cases, it might not be possible to resolve certain issues with unbelievers because of this problem, and in such cases the final decisions must be left up to GOD.
|
|
[5:50] Is it the law of the days of ignorance that they seek to uphold? Whose law is better than GOD's for those who have attained certainty?
| |
[5:50] Those who do not submit to the decisions of Islamic law are at the mercy of the lawlessness of "the days of ignorance," before the coming of Mohammed.
|
|
[5:51] O you who believe, do not take certain Jews and Christians as allies; these are allies of one another. Those among you who ally themselves with these belong with them. GOD does not guide the transgressors.
| |
[5:51] Believers must not make friends of those who do not submit to Islamic law (Jews, Christians and the hypocrites, Muslims in name only) in a community that has embraced it. Those who refuse to obey the law of the community are a danger to any society.
|
[5:52] You will see those who harbor doubt in their hearts hasten to join them, saying, "We fear lest we may be defeated." May GOD bring victory, or a command from Him, that causes them to regret their secret thoughts.
[5:53] The believers will then say, "Are these the same people who swore by GOD solemnly that they were with you?" their works have been nullified; they are the lost.
| |
[5:52] There were still converts who were ready to reject Islam with a reverse of fortune. This was especially true in the evolving Muslim community. Here the hope is that there will be a great Muslim victory or some other event that will convince them to cast aside their doubts.
[5:53] The doubters will then be denounced for their lack of conviction. They will suffer the same fate as they would if they had been on the losing side, which was their greatest fear.
|
[5:54] O you who believe, if you revert from your religion, then GOD will substitute in your place people whom He loves and who love Him. They will be kind with the believers, stern with the disbelievers, and will strive in the cause of GOD without fear of any blame. Such is GOD's blessing; He bestows it upon whomever He wills. GOD is Bounteous, Omniscient.
[5:55] Your real allies are GOD and His Messenger, and the believers who observe the Necessary prayers, and give the obligatory charity (zakat), and they bow down.
[5:56] Those who ally themselves with GOD and His Messenger, and those who believed, belong in the party of GOD; absolutely, they are the victors.
| |
[5:54] The Message of the Koran is intended as a revelation for all mankind. It is the last revelation that He has sent down for the salvation of all. The Jews and Christians have received the earlier revelation, and thus have been singled out for a special favor by GOD. On the other hand, if anyone rejects GOD's Message, he will be replaced in GOD's eyes with one who accepts it. See also {Exodus 32:8-10, Deuteronomy 9:14, Acts 13:45-51}
[5:55] The allies that can be trusted, the devout believers, can be identified by their observance of the requirements of Islam.
[5:56] If one takes only these as allies, he is assured of ultimate victory.
|
|
[5:57] O you who believe, do not befriend those among the recipients of previous Scripture who mock and ridicule your religion, nor shall you befriend the disbelievers. You shall reverence GOD, if you are really believers.
| |
[5:57] Muslims are required to try to get along with others, [4:36], but rightly condemn liars [3:61] or those who refuse to get along with them. Religious intolerance is the major cause of friction between East and West today.
|
|
[5:58] When you call to the Necessary prayers, they mock and ridicule it. This is because they are people who do not understand.
| |
[5:58] Those who ridicule Islam are more to be pitied than censured, because they are ignorant (among possibly other things).
|
|
[5:59] Say, "O people of the Scripture, do you not hate us because we believe in GOD, and in what was revealed to us, and in what was revealed before us, and because most of you are not righteous?"
| |
[5:59] Muslims are exhorted to respond even to ridicule of Islam with kindness and attempts to reconcile by appeal to common beliefs and the inherent injustice of condemning the devout of any religion.
|
[5:60] Say, "Let me tell you who are worse in the sight of GOD: those who are condemned by GOD after incurring His wrath until He made them monkeys and pigs, and the idol worshippers. These are far worse, and farther from the right path."
[5:61] When they come to you, they say, "We believe," even though they were full of disbelief when they entered, and they are full of disbelief when they leave. GOD is fully aware of everything they conceal.
| |
[5:60] Far worse than the simply ignorant are those who are so wicked that GOD has already cursed them. The reference to monkeys and pigs probably means people who act like filthy animals, although some have interpreted it to mean that (some) monkeys and pigs are actually cursed (formerly human) idolaters.
[5:61] This is of course a reference to the hypocrites who say they embrace Islam, but actually believe and act otherwise.
|
|
[5:62] You see many of them readily committing evil and transgression, and eating from illicit earnings. Miserable indeed is what they do.
| |
[5:62] These can be distinguished by their immoral actions, including exploitation of the poor. Both Judaism and Christianity condemn these things.
|
|
[5:63] If only the rabbis and the priests enjoin them from their sinful utterances and illicit earnings! Miserable indeed is what they commit.
| |
[5:63] The hypocrites get themselves in trouble because they don't even follow the teachings of their former leaders, the rabbis and priests, respectively.
|
|
[5:64] The Jews even said, "GOD's hand is tied down!" It is their hands that are tied down. They are condemned for uttering such a blasphemy. Instead, His hands are wide open, spending as He wills. For certain, your Lord's revelations to you will cause many of them to plunge deeper into transgression and disbelief. Consequently, we have committed them to animosity and hatred among themselves until the Day of Resurrection. Whenever they ignite the flames of war, GOD puts them out. They roam the earth wickedly, and GOD dislikes the evildoers.
| |
[5:64] The meaning is obscure. It may pertain to the reversal of fortune of the Quraish Jews who were displaced by the growing Muslim community. They may have felt that GOD's hands were somehow tied to prevent His helping them. A consequence of a loss of national pride is loss of personal pride as well, resulting in a breakdown of morals and cultural practices within the affected group. The Quraish Jews may well have begun squabbling between themselves with conflicts that were short-lived because of lack of organization or commitment among them.
|
|
[5:65] If only the people of the Scripture believe and lead a righteous life, we will then remit their sins, and admit them into gardens of bliss.
| |
[5:65] If the Jews and Christians had truly understood their own Scriptures, they would have been led to embrace Islam and receive the associated rewards.
|
|
[5:66] If only they would uphold the Torah and the Gospel, and what is sent down to them herein from their Lord, they would be showered with blessings from above them and from beneath their feet. Some of them are righteous, but many of them are evildoers.
| |
[5:66] If all of the Jews and Christians had actually followed the revelation they had previously been given by GOD, they would have already received the blessings of the righteous. Some of them have, of course, done so, and have received their worldly rewards, but most have not.
|
[5:67] O you Messenger, deliver what is revealed to you from your Lord. Until you do, you have not delivered His Message. GOD will protect you from the people. GOD does not guide the disbelieving people.
[5:68] Say, "O people of the Scripture, you have no basis until you uphold the Torah, and the Gospel, and what is sent down to you herein from your Lord." For sure, these revelations from your Lord will cause many of them to plunge deeper into transgression and disbelief. Therefore, do not feel sorry for the disbelieving people.
[5:69] Surely, those who believe, those who are Jewish, the converts, and the Christians; any of them who (1) believe in GOD and (2) believe in the Last Day, and (3) lead a righteous life, have nothing to fear, nor will they grieve.
| |
[5:67] Mohammed was a marked man during the Medina/Meccan wars. He is here commanded to preach Islam to the Jews and Christians in spite of their opposition. (This may have been the motivation for him to write his letters to the world leaders inviting them to embrace Islam.)
[5:68] The Message that Mohammed is to convey is that, to embrace Islam, the Jews and Christians must essentially return to the true teachings of the Scriptures they have already received from GOD. If they do not, they will deserve the disunity and discord that will result.
[5:69] The requirements for salvation for all, Muslims, Jews and Christians alike, are faith and righteousness. Since all three religions preach these things, there should be no problem achieving a commonalty of belief among them.
|
|
[5:70] We have taken a covenant from the Children of Israel, and we sent to them messengers. Whenever a messenger went to them with anything they disliked, some of them they rejected, and some they killed.
| |
[5:70] Unfortunately, many of the Jews did not accept this idea. They resisted, attacked and sometimes even killed the Muslim diplomats sent to them to resolve the conflicts that had resulted in open warfare.
|
|
[5:71] They thought that they would not be tested, so they turned blind and deaf, then GOD redeemed them, but then many of them turned blind and deaf again. GOD is Seer of everything they do.
| |
[5:71] The Jews are blamed for the conflict with the Muslims because they stubbornly clung to their cultural and religious identity, rather than accepting Islam as the perfection of their previous revelation.
|
[5:72] Pagans indeed are those who say that GOD is the Messiah, son of Mary. The Messiah himself said, "O Children of Israel, you shall worship GOD; my Lord* and your Lord." Anyone who sets up any idol beside GOD, GOD has forbidden Paradise for him, and his destiny is Hell. The wicked have no helpers.
[5:73] Pagans indeed are those who say that GOD is a third of a trinity. There is no god except the One GOD. Unless they refrain from saying this, those who disbelieve among them will incur a painful retribution.
| |
[5:72] The Christians are also condemned (and compared to pagans) for their belief that Jesus is consubstantial with GOD {John 10:30; 14:6-11} or the Son of GOD {Matthew 26:63-64, Mark 1:1, Luke 1:35; 22:70, John 1:34, 49; 3:18; 10:36; 11:4, 27; 19:7; 20:31}, which Muslims consider idolatry. *This quotation noted may be an alternate translation of a New Testament verse, but which one, if any, is not clear.
[5:73] Muslims also condemn their concept (but not necessarily that of Christians) of the doctrine of the Trinity, which they see essentially as polytheistic.
|
|
[5:74] Would they not repent to GOD, and ask His forgiveness? GOD is Forgiver,
|
